Biopesticide
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacteria that produces crystalline proteins called Bt toxins that are toxic to certain pest insects but safe for humans and the environment. When ingested by a susceptible insect, the Bt toxin is activated in the alkaline gut environment and inserts into the gut cells, forming ion channels that disrupt cellular metabolism and kill the insect within 24-48 hours. Bt has been used as an effective and targeted biopesticide to control major crop-damaging insects like caterpillars, beetles, and aphids, helping reduce an estimated 15% of global crop losses each year. The Bt genes that produce these crystalline toxins have been identified and classified into
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Biopesticide
This document discusses biopesticides and their advantages over conventional chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. The document then covers various types of biopesticides including biochemical pesticides that use semiochemicals, hormones and plant regulators; microbial pesticides that use bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa; and plant-incorporated protectants that use genetic engineering to induce pest resistance. Examples are provided for different biopesticides and their modes of action are explained, highlighting their effectiveness and eco-friendly nature compared to chemical pesticides.
Biopesticide
This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
Biopesticide
The document discusses biopesticides as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as products made from minerals, bacteria, plants or animals that can control pests. Biopesticides are classified into microbial, plant, and biochemical pesticides. Microbial pesticides include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, and fungi. Plant pesticides involve introducing pesticide genes into plants. Biochemical pesticides use pheromones or plant extracts. Biopesticides have advantages like specificity, low amounts needed, and low risk of pest resistance, but their effects can be slower than chemical pesticides.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS 2013.ppt
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive bacteria that produces crystal proteins during sporulation. These crystal proteins, also known as delta endotoxins, have insecticidal properties. There are over 80 subspecies of Bt identified based on flagellum antigens and other characteristics. Bt was first isolated in 1901 in Japan as the cause of silkworm disease. It was later used commercially as a pesticide starting in the 1920s. The crystal proteins are encoded by cry genes, which are located on plasmids in most Bt strains. These cry genes have been classified into different groups based on amino acid sequences and insect target ranges. The crystal proteins are activated in the insect midg
Bio pesticides
I include all information about biopesticides (types,advantages,disadvantages,formulations...........)
Biopesticides
Biopesticides are naturally occurring substances from certain plants, animals, bacteria, and minerals that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms. They include microbial pesticides from organisms like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and fungal pesticides like Beauveria bassiana. Biochemical pesticides also interfere with insect mating through sex pheromones. While biopesticides are less toxic than chemical pesticides, they also have drawbacks like being less persistent and requiring specialized application knowledge. When used as part of integrated pest management, biopesticides can greatly reduce reliance on conventional pesticides while maintaining crop yields.
Production of biopestcides
This document summarizes the production of biopesticides. It discusses that biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms and are less toxic than chemical pesticides. Some important microbial biopesticides produced include Bacillus thuringiensis, Agrobacterium radiobacter, and pheromones. The production process involves raw materials, fermentation reactors, purification systems, drying, packaging, and waste treatment. While biopesticides have advantages like specificity and low environmental impact, they also have disadvantages like slow effect and lack of persistence.
BT crops
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
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Biopesticide
This document discusses biopesticides and their advantages over conventional chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. The document then covers various types of biopesticides including biochemical pesticides that use semiochemicals, hormones and plant regulators; microbial pesticides that use bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa; and plant-incorporated protectants that use genetic engineering to induce pest resistance. Examples are provided for different biopesticides and their modes of action are explained, highlighting their effectiveness and eco-friendly nature compared to chemical pesticides.
Biopesticide
This document discusses biopesticides and their role in integrated pest management. It defines biopesticides as living organisms or naturally occurring substances that control pests. The first biopesticide was discovered in 1835. Biopesticides include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa that act as pathogens or parasites against target pests. They may also compete with or induce resistance in plant hosts. While biopesticides currently make up a small portion of the pesticide market, their use is growing as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. The document reviews various types of microbial biopesticides and their modes of action in controlling insects and plant diseases.
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The document discusses biopesticides as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. It defines biopesticides as products made from minerals, bacteria, plants or animals that can control pests. Biopesticides are classified into microbial, plant, and biochemical pesticides. Microbial pesticides include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses, and fungi. Plant pesticides involve introducing pesticide genes into plants. Biochemical pesticides use pheromones or plant extracts. Biopesticides have advantages like specificity, low amounts needed, and low risk of pest resistance, but their effects can be slower than chemical pesticides.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS 2013.ppt
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram-positive bacteria that produces crystal proteins during sporulation. These crystal proteins, also known as delta endotoxins, have insecticidal properties. There are over 80 subspecies of Bt identified based on flagellum antigens and other characteristics. Bt was first isolated in 1901 in Japan as the cause of silkworm disease. It was later used commercially as a pesticide starting in the 1920s. The crystal proteins are encoded by cry genes, which are located on plasmids in most Bt strains. These cry genes have been classified into different groups based on amino acid sequences and insect target ranges. The crystal proteins are activated in the insect midg
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I include all information about biopesticides (types,advantages,disadvantages,formulations...........)
Biopesticides
Biopesticides are naturally occurring substances from certain plants, animals, bacteria, and minerals that control pests through non-toxic mechanisms. They include microbial pesticides from organisms like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and fungal pesticides like Beauveria bassiana. Biochemical pesticides also interfere with insect mating through sex pheromones. While biopesticides are less toxic than chemical pesticides, they also have drawbacks like being less persistent and requiring specialized application knowledge. When used as part of integrated pest management, biopesticides can greatly reduce reliance on conventional pesticides while maintaining crop yields.
Production of biopestcides
This document summarizes the production of biopesticides. It discusses that biopesticides are derived from animals, plants, and microorganisms and are less toxic than chemical pesticides. Some important microbial biopesticides produced include Bacillus thuringiensis, Agrobacterium radiobacter, and pheromones. The production process involves raw materials, fermentation reactors, purification systems, drying, packaging, and waste treatment. While biopesticides have advantages like specificity and low environmental impact, they also have disadvantages like slow effect and lack of persistence.
BT crops
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANT MICROBES .pptx
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This document discusses the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. It notes that B. thuringiensis is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insect orders. The mode of action involves the insect ingesting the crystals, which are then activated and create ion channels that cause dehydration and death of the insect. The document outlines how B. thuringiensis toxins have been used in biopesticides and genetically engineered into crops via gene transfer techniques. Some advantages are that it is safe and environmentally friendly, while increasing crop resistance and productivity, but limitations include costs and risks of developing toxin resistance in insect pests.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins during sporulation that are toxic to certain insect orders. Various Bt subspecies produce different toxins targeting Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, or Diptera. The toxins work by forming ion channels in the gut of susceptible insects, which leads to cell damage and death. Bt has been used widely as a biological insecticide by spraying spores to control pests like cabbage worms, gypsy moths, and spruce budworm. It is effective when eaten and breaks down quickly in the environment to avoid insect resistance.
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3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
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This document discusses biopesticides, which are pesticides derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria and viruses. There are five main categories of biopesticides: microbial pesticides, plant-incorporated protectants, biochemical pesticides, botanical pesticides, and biotic agents. Microbial pesticides use microorganisms like Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma fungi to control pests. Botanical pesticides derive from plants like neem and use compounds like azadirachtin. Biopesticides are less toxic, biodegradable and safer for the environment than chemical pesticides.
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Microbial insecticides offer an alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest control. They include bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), fungi, viruses, protozoa, nematodes, and actinomycetes. Bt is the most widely used and produces crystal proteins that are toxic once ingested by the target insect. Other common microbial insecticides include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, and the actinomycete insecticides avermectins, milbemycins, and spinosad. Microbial insecticides have advantages like being non-toxic to humans and wildlife but also have disadvantages like being pest-
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Knowingly or unknowingly, ancient farmers selected for pest resistance genes in their crops, sometimes by actions as simple as collecting seed from only the highest-yielding plants in their fields.
With the advent of genetic engineering, genes for insect resistance now can be moved into plants more quickly and deliberately.
Bt technology is only one example of ways genetic engineering may be used to develop insect-resistant crops now and in the future.
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Bt Toxin as microbial insecticide
This document discusses the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis. It notes that B. thuringiensis is a gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to certain insect orders. The mode of action involves the insect ingesting the crystals, which are then activated and create ion channels that cause dehydration and death of the insect. The document outlines how B. thuringiensis toxins have been used in biopesticides and genetically engineered into crops via gene transfer techniques. Some advantages are that it is safe and environmentally friendly, while increasing crop resistance and productivity, but limitations include costs and risks of developing toxin resistance in insect pests.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and crown gall diseases
Crown gall is a disease of plants caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens that affects over 1000 plant species. Symptoms include round, rough galls forming at or near the soil line on infected plants. The disease is transmitted when the bacterium enters through wounds in the plant and induces tumor formation through genes carried by its Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid integrates a segment called T-DNA into the plant's chromosomes that directs the plant to produce compounds the bacteria uses as nutrients, genetically engineering the infected plant cell.
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins during sporulation that are toxic to certain insect orders. Various Bt subspecies produce different toxins targeting Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, or Diptera. The toxins work by forming ion channels in the gut of susceptible insects, which leads to cell damage and death. Bt has been used widely as a biological insecticide by spraying spores to control pests like cabbage worms, gypsy moths, and spruce budworm. It is effective when eaten and breaks down quickly in the environment to avoid insect resistance.
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1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
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3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
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introduction
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History
Gene use for develop virus resistance plant
Coat protein gene
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Defective viral genome
Antisense RNA approach and
Ribozyme – mediated protection
conclusion
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Biotechnological approach to develop insect resistant crops
This document discusses developing insect resistance in crops using biotechnological approaches. It describes how some plants have natural mechanisms of insect resistance by secreting toxic chemicals. Current strategies to develop insect resistance include using microbial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, which are inserted into plant genomes using recombinant DNA techniques. The mechanisms of Bt toxins are described, including how they bind to receptors in insect guts and cause cell death. Advantages of Bt crops include reduced need for insecticides and improved pest management. However, there is a risk that insects may develop resistance to Bt toxins over time from repeated exposure.
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This document discusses bio-insecticides, which are organic formulations used to control insects that damage crops. Bio-insecticides use microorganisms or their toxins, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes. These organisms act as natural insecticides by producing toxins or by infecting and killing insects. The document categorizes different types of bio-insecticides and provides examples and modes of action for each type. It also outlines advantages like specificity and safety compared to chemical pesticides, as well as disadvantages like slower action and susceptibility to environmental factors.
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Mushroom technology
- Mushrooms are the fleshy fruiting bodies of fungi that grow above ground on soil or substrate. They contain a cap and stalk structure.
- Mushroom cultivation was first recorded in Western cultures in 1650 using horse manure as a substrate. Agaricus bisporus was the first species cultivated on compost.
- Mushrooms are a nutritious food high in protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals but low in fat and calories. They also have potential medicinal properties.
Biopesticide
This document discusses biopesticides, which include biological materials and organisms that can be formulated as pesticides. It focuses on microbial pesticides including bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes. Bt forms crystal proteins that are toxic to pest caterpillars when ingested. Fungal pesticides act through enzymes and antibiotics. The document also covers the production, advantages, and disadvantages of various microbial pesticides.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
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The document discusses biofungicides, which are biologically active substances derived from organisms that prevent and treat plant diseases. There are three main types of biofungicides: agricultural antibiotics produced through microbial fermentation, bacteria-based fungicides like Bacillus subtilis that inhibit fungi and promote growth, and fungal fungicides including Trichoderma species that control various plant pathogens. Biofungicides have advantages over chemical fungicides in that their active ingredients are naturally occurring microorganisms that are less toxic and help improve soil health.
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Stressing more about microbial pesticides
1. Bacterial biopesticides
2. Viral Biopesticides
3. Fungal biopesticides
4. Protozoan biopesticides
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Advantages and disadvantages of microbial biopesticides
Edible mushrooms in india.
The document discusses the various types of edible mushrooms commonly found in India. It outlines the main types as button mushrooms, straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, milky mushrooms, cremini mushrooms, and shiitake mushrooms. For each type, it provides details on cultivation methods, nutritional profiles, and usage. The document serves as an introduction to the different kinds of edible mushrooms available in the Indian market.
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Similar to Biopesticide
Insect Pest resistance - A Biotechnology Approach
For centuries, humans have searched for crop plants that can survive and produce in spite of insect pests.
Knowingly or unknowingly, ancient farmers selected for pest resistance genes in their crops, sometimes by actions as simple as collecting seed from only the highest-yielding plants in their fields.
With the advent of genetic engineering, genes for insect resistance now can be moved into plants more quickly and deliberately.
Bt technology is only one example of ways genetic engineering may be used to develop insect-resistant crops now and in the future.
Bacillus thurigenesis
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms as pest control agents in so-called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Toxicology
Insecticide may be defined as a substance or mixture of substances intended to kill, repel or otherwise prevent the insects.
Insecticides are the most powerful tools available for use in pest management. They are highly effective, rapid in curative action, adoptable to most situations, flexible in meeting changing agronomic and ecological conditions and economical
insect resistance plant, bt gene
Introduction
Definition of an Insect Resistant Plant
What is the Bt gene?
History
The crystal ( cry)Proteins
Definition of cry protein
How does Bt work?
Mechanism of Bt toxicity
Mode of Action of Insecticidal Crystal Protein
Bt Technology
The Insect Resistance Problem
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References
Ranjeet Kumar _Study of biopesticides.pptx
Biopesticide- Any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant are defined as pesticides.
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Pesticides are substances used to control pests like insects, plants and fungi. They are classified based on stability, pest targeted, effect on plants and source. Common types include insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Chemical pesticides include organophosphates and pyrethroids, while biopesticides use microbes, plant-incorporated toxins or pheromones. Pesticides can persist in the environment and accumulate in organisms, posing toxicity risks. They can contaminate water sources and cause cancer or decrease growth and photosynthesis in other species.
Transgenic plants with biotic stress resistance
This document discusses transgenic plants with resistance to biotic stress. It begins by defining biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and insects. Developing transgenic plants is presented as a way to improve crop yields by making plants resistant to these stresses. Specific examples of transgenic plants containing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that code for insecticidal proteins are described. Bt genes have been introduced into crops like corn, cotton and potatoes to resist pests like rootworms and Colorado potato beetles. While Bt crops have increased yields, there is a risk of pests developing resistance over time if not managed properly.
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Bacterial Protein Toxins
Bacterial protein toxins can be categorized into two major classes based on their chemical nature: bacterial protein toxins and toxic lipopolysaccharide complexes. Bacterial protein toxins can exist as single-chain molecules, oligomeric molecules, or macromolecular complexes associated with non-toxic moieties. They resemble enzymes in that they are proteins, denatured by heat/acid/enzymes, act catalytically, and are highly specific. Protein toxins can damage cell membranes, induce signal transduction, or act in the cytosol by inactivating molecular targets. Superantigens are a special group of toxins that activate large numbers of T cells without requiring antigen.
Costridial toxins botulinum toxin
Clostridium botulinum produces a potent neurotoxin that causes the disease botulism. There are three key points:
1) C. botulinum toxin works by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, preventing muscle contraction. It does this by cleaving SNARE proteins involved in synaptic vesicle fusion.
2) There are four main types of botulism - foodborne, wound, infant, and inhalation. Symptoms include blurred vision, dry mouth, muscle weakness and paralysis. If untreated, paralysis can affect respiratory muscles and cause death.
3) Treatment involves antitoxin to halt progression of symptoms, especially in food/w
Mycotoxin_Modifiers
This document discusses mycotoxin modifiers, which are products that can biodegrade or biotransform mycotoxins in animal feed into less toxic metabolites. There are four classes of mycotoxin modifiers: bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and enzymes. Bacteria and yeast, such as Eubacterium BBSH 797 and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, have been shown to degrade various mycotoxins like trichothecenes, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A through microbial enzymes. Some fungi can also metabolize mycotoxins but their degradation pathways sometimes produce compounds that remain toxic. Enzymes produced by microorganisms offer a
NATURAL TOXINS.pptx
Bacterial toxins can come from a variety of sources including soil, food, and intestinal tracts of animals. They are classified based on their activity (emetic, neurotoxic, enterotoxic) and origin (exotoxins and endotoxins). Common pathogenic bacteria that produce toxins include Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, C. perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and cyanobacteria. Their toxins can cause illnesses like botulism, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome. While harmful, some bacterial toxins are being investigated for potential medical applications in cancer treatment and pest control.
Biodegradation of pesticides
A pesticide can be defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.
Pesticides like insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances are used to control or inhibit plant diseases and insect pests.
The positive aspect of application of pesticides renders enhanced crop/food productivity and drastic reduction of vector-borne diseases.
However excessive use of these chemicals leads to the microbial imbalance, environmental pollution and health hazards.
Due to these problems, development of technologies that guarantee their elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is important.
Neurotoxins in Food
This document discusses various neurotoxins that can contaminate food, including their sources and effects. It focuses on botulinum toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria and commonly found in improperly canned foods. It acts by blocking the release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. Other neurotoxins discussed include tetrodotoxin from pufferfish and conotoxins from snails, as well as toxic metals like mercury, aluminum, and lead that can contaminate foods. The document emphasizes that following good manufacturing practices is key to avoiding neurotoxin proliferation in foods.
toxicology week 5.pdf
- Mycotoxins are toxins produced by molds that can contaminate food and feed crops. Around 350-400 mycotoxins have been identified.
- They pose health risks to both humans and livestock. Mycotoxins can cause effects ranging from acute poisoning to cancer over the long term.
- Strategies for controlling mycotoxins focus on preventing mold growth, decontaminating contaminated crops, and ongoing surveillance. Physical, chemical, and biological methods are used for decontamination and control.
Presentation- Bt cotton.pdf
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton plant that produces an insecticide to combat pests like bollworms. It contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces crystal proteins that are toxic to the larvae of moths and butterflies but harmless to other organisms. The Bt protein is activated in the alkaline environment of the insect's gut and makes holes in the lining, killing the insect. Bt cotton provides benefits like increased yields, reduced insecticide use, and lower costs, but also has disadvantages like higher seed prices and concerns about its effects on human and environmental health. India was an early adopter of Bt cotton in 2002.
Bt brinjal
Bt technology uses genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to produce insecticidal crystal proteins in transgenic crops. There are several biosafety concerns regarding risks to human health from toxicity or allergies, as well as risks to the environment from increased insect resistance, gene flow to weeds or soil organisms, and effects on biodiversity. Regulatory agencies in India require various levels of approval from institutional biosafety committees, the Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation, and the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, depending on the type and scale of field trials or commercial releases of Bt crops.
Food technology
Microorganisms play important roles in food technology, the environment, and their applications have some limitations. In food technology, microbes are used to produce fermented foods and act as preservatives. They also help treat wastewater by converting organic matter to carbon dioxide and removing pathogens. Bioremediation and biomining use microbes to extract metals from ores or degrade environmental pollutants. However, microbes can also contaminate foods and spread disease. Their large-scale growth poses challenges and purification is needed to ensure safety. Environmental applications face limitations from toxicity, slow response times, and difficulty removing genetically modified microbes.
Probiotics bhushan
Probiotics and prebiotics are live microorganisms and non-digestible foods that provide health benefits when consumed. Probiotics are live microorganisms that help establish and maintain a healthy gut microbiome, while prebiotics are non-digestible foods that act as fertilizers to encourage the growth of good bacteria. The document discusses the differences between probiotics and prebiotics, examples of each, their mechanisms of action in the body, ideal properties of probiotic strains, and their applications and benefits in aquaculture.
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Mycotoxin
This document discusses various mycotoxins, which are toxic substances produced by molds. It describes the major genera of molds (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium) that produce mycotoxins. The main mycotoxins discussed are aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxin, luteoskyrin, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, and roquefortine. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin are particularly toxic and carcinogenic, especially affecting the liver, while others like patulin and penicillic acid also demonstrate carcinogenic properties. The document provides details on the fungi that produce each mycotoxin, their
Cloning vectors
cloning vectors-
pBR322,
pET21,
pUC 18,
COSMID
SV 40
Lambda phage, M13 Bacteriophage, bacterial artificial chromosome,
yeast artificial chromosome, shuttle vector ,expression vector
Microbial eaxamination of specific food
microbial examination of specific food
such as meat and meat product
example -raw meat ,raw sausages, burgers , ground beef & other raw meat.
cooked meat
Food intoxication
food toxication is a type of food infection.types of intoxication.
1. bacterial intoxication
2.fungal intoxication
chemical intoxication
Glyoxylate cycle
it is bypass cycle of citric acid cycle.
it give the brief description of glyoxylate cycle.
it is the summary of glyoxylate cycle for m.sc, bsc, science students.
it is very important topic for entrance exam of biology stream.
Carbohyadrates
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules found in nature. They are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates serve several important functions including being a primary source of energy, participating in cellular structures and functions, and storing energy. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units present. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and cannot be broken down further, while oligosaccharides contain 2-10 sugar units and polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units.
Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid is composed of disaccharide repeats that are joined by glycosidic bonds. It occurs naturally in the human body in high concentrations in the skin, umbilical cord, and eye fluid. Hyaluronic acid is produced by certain microbial strains like Streptococcus zooepidemicas and recombinant versions of Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, and Agronbacterium. It has numerous medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications due to its high moisture retention and viscoelastic properties, and is involved in signaling pathways related to development, healing and disease.
Rust
Rust is a plant disease caused by obligate parasitic fungi belonging to the class basidiomycetes. The disease causes severe damage to wheat, oats, barley, and vegetable crops. Symptoms include rust-colored spots on leaves and stems that rupture the epidermis. Rust fungi like Puccinia infect hosts like wheat, barley, oats, and beans. They have complex life cycles producing spores that allow the disease to spread. Control methods include removing alternate hosts, growing resistant varieties, spraying fungicides, crop rotation, and field sanitation.
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas bacteria are root colonizing bacteria that produce antimicrobial compounds to control plant pathogens through quorum sensing. They assess their population density through signaling molecules and coordinate metabolic activities accordingly. The antimicrobial compounds produced include 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, polyteorin, phenazines, acyl homoserine lactones, hydrogen cyanide, and cyclic lipopeptides. These compounds are produced through density-dependent regulation and help pseudomonas suppress disease-causing pathogens while also promoting plant growth.
Sage - serial analysis of gene expression
SAGE is a method for analyzing gene expression that involves extracting mRNA from an organism, converting it to cDNA, and then using a restriction enzyme to generate short nucleotide tags that uniquely identify each transcript. These tags are concatenated and sequenced, then the frequency of each tag is used to quantify the expression levels of the genes they came from. SAGE was invented in 1995 at Johns Hopkins University by Dr. Victor Velculescu as a way to systematically analyze gene transcription on a genome-wide scale.
Alginate
Alginate is a linear polymer composed of mannuronic acid and glucuronic acid that is produced by certain bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Azobactor vinelandii. The relative proportions of mannuronic acid and glucuronic acid, as well as the degree of acetylation, depend on the microorganism and culture conditions used. Alginate has various applications as a thickening agent in food and for immobilizing cells and enzymes. It can have elastic or strong, brittle properties depending on its composition.
Nucleic acid sequencing- introduction,DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is a fundamental process in biotechnology that determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. There are two main methods: the chemical method developed by Maxam and Gilbert, and the enzymatic method developed by Sanger and Coulson. DNA sequencing involves degrading DNA fragments into smaller pieces, sequencing the individual fragments, and ordering the fragments to determine the full DNA sequence.
Cosmid
Cosmids are hybrid cloning vectors that combine features of plasmids and bacteriophages. They contain approximately 200 base pairs of DNA from the lambda phage, including the cos site sequence, which allows the vector to be packaged into phage particles and transduced into bacteria like a phage. Cosmids can accommodate large foreign DNA inserts of 35-45 kilobase pairs and are commonly used to construct genomic libraries.
Rapaport leubering cycle
This document discusses the Rapaport-Leubering cycle, which is a supplementary pathway to glycolysis that operates in human and mammal red blood cells. The cycle is mainly concerned with synthesizing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate produced in glycolysis using the enzyme 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase. Approximately 15-25% of the glucose converted to lactate in red blood cells goes through this cycle of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate synthesis.
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原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
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Biopesticide
- 2. Introduction • Biopesticide are toxic substances produced by living organisms that can specifically kill a particular pest species. • Some characteristics of pesticide : 1. Narrow target range 2. Specific mode of action 3. Slow acting & short residue effect 4. Safer to human & environmental than chemical pesticide.
- 3. Continued……. • It is estimated that about 15% of world crop yield is lost due to pest or insect attack. • The majority of insect that damage crop belong to the following order. 1. Lipidoptera (ballworm) 2. Coleoptera (bettles) 3. Orthoptera (grasshoppers) 4. Homoptera (aphids)
- 4. Bacillus thuringinesis • It was first discovered by Ishiwaki in 1901,but its commercial importance was ignored until 1995. • B.thuriginesis is a gram negative soil bacteria. • This bacteria produces a parasporal crystalline proteinous toxin with insecticidal activity. • The protein produced by B.thuringinesis is reffered as insecticidal crystalline protein(ICP).
- 5. Insecticidal crystalline protein • ICP are endotoxin protein produced by sporolating bacteria & were originally classified as delta endotoxin. • The commercial mixture usually contain spores, crystal protein & inert carriers. • it may be mixed with chemical insecticides or fungicides. • The crystal protein activity usually disappears with in 24-48 hours after application.
- 6. Bt toxin genes • Several strain of B.thunginesis producing a wide range of crystal (cry) proteins have been identified. • Cry gene is responsible for crystal protein. • The cry genes are classified into a large no. of distinct families (about 40), based on their size & sequence similarities. • The molecular weight of cry proteins may be either large (130 kDa) or small (70kDa).
- 7. Mode of action of Cry protein • When this parasporal crystal is ingested by the target insect, the protoxin gets activated with in its gut by a combination of alkaline pH (7.5 to 8.5) & proteolytic enzymes. • This result in conversion of protoxin into a active toxin . • The active form of toxin protein gets itself inserted into the membrane of the gut epithelial cells of the insect.
- 8. Continued……… • This result in formation of ions channels through which there occurs an excessive loss of cellular ATP. • As a consequence , cellular metabolism ceases, insect stop feeding & becomes dehydrated & finally dies. • The Bt toxin is not toxic to human & animals since the conversion of protoxin to toxin require alkaline pH & specific proteases. • These are absent in human & animals.