Mdl 237 Streptococci
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The document discusses the classification, identification, and clinical significance of streptococci and enterococci bacteria. It describes how they are classified based on their hemolysis, Lancefield grouping, and other biochemical tests. Key genera include Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus milleri group. Identification involves cultural characteristics, catalase testing, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Clinically important species are S. pyogenes (GAS) which can cause strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever.
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This document discusses several streptococcal species including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and viridans streptococci. S. pyogenes, or Group A streptococcus, is known to cause pharyngitis and scarlet fever. Laboratory diagnosis for S. pyogenes infection involves culturing a throat swab and identifying beta-hemolytic colonies that are gram-positive cocci in chains and bacitracin sensitive. Complications of untreated S. pyogenes infection include rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. S. pneumoniae is a cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. It is identified through gram-
Identification of gram positive cocci
This document summarizes key microbiological characteristics of gram positive cocci including staphylococci and streptococci. It describes how staphylococci such as Staphylococcus aureus appear as golden yellow colonies with beta hemolysis on blood agar and are catalase positive. It also discusses the coagulase test to differentiate S. aureus from other staphylococci. For streptococci such as Streptococcus pyogenes, it notes their appearance as pinpoint colonies with wide beta hemolysis on blood agar. The document also briefly mentions Lancefield grouping and characteristics of common pathogenic strains of S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae.
Streptococcus pyogens
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of infections in humans. It commonly colonizes the throat and skin. It produces toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence and ability to cause disease. S. pyogenes can cause suppurative infections like pharyngitis, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. It can also cause non-suppurative sequelae after infection like acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples on blood agar and testing for sensitivity to bacitracin. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin. Prevention focuses on proper treatment of streptococcal infections to reduce risk of
Treponema pallidum
This document provides an overview of syphilis, including its history, causative organism Treponema pallidum, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes how T. pallidum was discovered in 1905 and its genome sequenced in 1998. The stages of syphilis including primary, secondary, latent and late syphilis are outlined. Methods for laboratory diagnosis including darkfield microscopy, DFA, serological tests and newer techniques are summarized. Recommendations for treatment and follow up depending on the stage of syphilis are also provided.
Streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus, is a gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of diseases in humans. It is classified based on antigenic differences in cell wall carbohydrates and can be divided into groups A through V. Group A streptococcus causes diseases like pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis, and puerperal fever. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from clinical specimens and detecting specific antigens. Complications from group A streptococcus infections demonstrate the ability of the bacteria to cause both localized infection and systemic disease.
Indicator organisms and water quality
This document discusses indicator organisms that are used to assess water quality. It explains that testing directly for all possible pathogens is impractical, so indicator organisms like coliform bacteria and E. coli are used instead. These indicators come from the same sources as pathogens and can alert managers to potential issues. The document describes various indicator tests, including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, and enterococci. It provides details on each indicator and how they relate to determining water safety.
Streptococci and enterococci
This document discusses streptococci and enterococci bacteria, including their classification, pathogenic properties, and roles in causing diseases. It focuses on Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and their mechanisms of pathogenesis. Key points include:
1) S. pyogenes is β-hemolytic and a cause of pharyngitis and impetigo. Virulence factors include M protein, hyaluronic acid capsule, and exotoxins which aid adhesion, antiphagocytosis, and tissue damage.
2) S. pneumoniae is a gram-positive diplococcus and a cause of pneumonia. It is encapsulated in one of over 90 serotypes and uses this capsule to
Pathogenic mechanishm of group a streptococcus
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes infections ranging from mild to severe through multiple virulence mechanisms. GAS adheres to host surfaces using proteins like M protein and pili. It resists innate immunity through factors inhibiting complement deposition and neutrophil killing, like the hyaluronic acid capsule. GAS also degrades antibodies and antimicrobial peptides using enzymes like SpeB. Together, these redundant mechanisms allow GAS to colonize diverse tissues and spread through the host.
Staphylococcus & streptococcus
This document summarizes different types of bacteria cultured in microbiology labs, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. It describes how these bacteria are cultured on various media like blood agar and CLED agar and how they appear. It also discusses how to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus using tests like coagulase and mannitol salt agar. The document outlines the three groups of Streptococcus based on hemolytic activity and provides examples like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci groups A and B is discussed along with use of bacitracin disks.
Bacteriology of air and milk
This document discusses the bacteriology of air and water. It defines bacteriology of air as the study of bacteria present in air and infections caused by them. It describes two main modes of transmission for airborne infections: airborne transmission for particles under 5 micrometers that can remain suspended in air, and droplet transmission for larger particles that only travel short distances. It also discusses methods to measure air contamination like sedimentation plates and slit samplers. Finally, it covers the bacteriology of milk, types of bacteria found in milk, milkborne diseases, and examination methods for milk.
Lecture 3 Streptococcus pyogenes
This document summarizes information about the genus Streptococcus including their characteristics, virulence factors, diseases they cause, and methods for laboratory diagnosis. Key points include:
- Streptococcus are facultative anaerobic cocci that appear in chains and some are capsulated. Major species include S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, and S. faecalis.
- S. pyogenes is further classified by Lancefield grouping and Griffith typing. It expresses virulence factors like M protein and exotoxins that allow it to cause diseases like pharyngitis, impetigo, and rheumatic fever.
- Laboratory diagnosis of S. pyogenes infection involves culturing throat swabs
Streptococci
This document discusses the classification and identification of streptococci bacteria. It describes their morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions, Lancefield grouping, and clinical significance. Key streptococci groups discussed include Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes), Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus species. Identification is based on colony appearance on blood agar, Gram staining, and biochemical tests like catalase and bile solubility.
Microbiology lec4
1) The document discusses various species of streptococci bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococci, and Viridans streptococci.
2) S. pyogenes is known to cause infections like strep throat, scarlet fever, and toxic shock syndrome. It is identified by beta hemolysis on blood agar and sensitivity to bacitracin. Complications can include rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
3) S. agalactiae commonly causes neonatal infections like sepsis and meningitis. It is identified through CAMP testing and hippurate hydrolysis.
Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...
A total of 24 throat samples were collected from Patients in Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, to evaluate the prevalence of S. pyogenes and its antibiotic sensitivity. 17(70.8%) samples yielded Streptococcus pyogenes which was identified following some identification test. The incident rate was higher among those within the age of 5-25 years (53%). 58% of the isolate were from females. S. pyogenens showed 100% sensitivity to levofloxacin, vancomycin, penicillin G and amoxicillin and was resistant to tetracycline (58.8%). Penicillin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and vancomycin could serve at first line drug of choice for the treatment of S. pyogenes infection.
Strep Pyogene and Strep Pnemonae
Streptococcus organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, particularly in young and old individuals, and can also cause bacteremia, meningitis, and middle ear infections. It is normally found in the nasopharynx of 10-30% of healthy individuals. S. pyogenes causes pharyngitis and skin infections like impetigo and can lead to post-streptococcal diseases including rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Both are gram-positive bacteria that are identified using culture, microscopy and serological techniques.
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Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated f...
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Identification of Streptococcus species
Lab Objectives
Learn how to collect clinical specimens
Watch videos in lab exercise
Learn major characteristics of Strep species
What are characteristics of a pathogenic species?
To learn how biochemical tests can help determine species
Identification of Streptococcus
Family Streptococcaceae
Gram +, cocci, typically di- or strepto-
Facultative anaerobes
BUT they like high carbon dioxide levels
Microbiota of the skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract and oral cavity
Potentially pathogenic species
Produce a variety of virulence factors: toxins, hemolysin, and hydrolytic enzymes
S pyogenes
S pneumoniae
Some have now been placed in Enterococci
Goal is to distinguish between them through a variety of biochemical tests
Science source
Identification of Streptococcus
Gamma-hemolysis – no hemolysis
Flikr
Beta-hemolysis – complete hemolysis
Wikipedia
Throat swabs on blood agar
Hemolysis:
Streptococcus are often grouped based on hemolytic reaction
They can be alpha, beta or gamma
Enterococci which are important medically are typically gamma
alpha-hemolysis – partial hemolysis
bacterinphotos
Throat swab will give mixed results
Preferably choose one colony that is either beta- or alpha- hemolytic
Hemolysis will determine what procedure you will perform today
Streak the colony on a new CNA plate (for isolation)
Identification of Streptococcus
Identification of Streptococcus
Columbia nalidixic acid agar (CNA)
Inhibition of G- growth
Naladixic acid (antibiotic)
Hemolysis
Streptococcus most likely be alpha- or beta-hemolytic
Enterococcus could be any of the three
Identification of Streptococcus
Perform a Gram stain
What should the result be?
To help ensure that only Streptoccocus/Enterococcus were grown…
Streak plate on Columbia nalidixic acid agar
Perform a catalase test
All Streptococci are negative
Make sure yours falls into this category
Catalase test
Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and bubbles (oxygen)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Enterococcus faecalis
Identification of Streptococcus
Gamma-hemolysis
Flikr
Beta-hemolysis
Wikipedia
alpha-hemolysis
bacterinphotos
Did you have alpha- or beta-hemolysis?
Test different antibiotics to help determine what species of Strep is present
Bacitracin –S.pyogenes is sensitive
Optochin – S. pneumoniae is sensitive
SXT – useful to ID Group C strep
Identification of Streptococcus
Bile esculin
Help differentiate Group D strep and enterococci
Selective – bile salt; inhibits the growth of G+ EXCEPT Group D/enterococci
Differential – esculin – when hydrolyzed will turn dark coffee brown
Salt resistance
Only enterococci will survive in 6.5% salt broth
Based on turbidity
+ turbid (growth)
- no growth
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Objectives:
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To learn how clinical specimens are collected
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The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
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Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
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Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
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This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
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Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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- 1. The Streptococci With Emphasis on Streptococcus and Enterococcus www.freelivedoctor.com
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- 13. Preliminary Grouping – NOT on test Streptococcus Enterococcus Lactococcus Aerococcus Leuconostoc Pediococcus Gamella Broth ch tet + - + - + - - + + - - + + + Va S S b S S R R S PYR - a + - b + - - + LAP + + + - - + +/- NaCl - + +/- + +/- +/- - 45 o C +/- + - - - + - Broth=growth in broth; ch=chains; tet=tetrads; Va=vancomycin; PYR= pyrrolidonyl arylamidase; LAP=leucine aminopeptidase; NaCl=growth in 6.5% sodium chloride; Growth at 45 o C a Streptococcus pyogenes is PYR positive b Occasional exception Beta hemolysis +/- - b - - - - - www.freelivedoctor.com
- 20. Staph Streak For NVS Specimen streaked For isolated colonies Staph aureus culture Band streak NVS colonies “ Satelliting” the Staph streak www.freelivedoctor.com
- 25. Presumptive ID – NOT on test Organism GAS GBS Groups C,F,G Entero- coccus Group D Strep Viridans Pneumo- cocci Hemo- lysis a b , , , , Baci- tracin S R b R b NA NA NA NA SXT R R S NA NA NA NA CAMP - + - - - - - PYR + - - + - - - Bile Esculin - - - + + - b - Opto- chin NA NA NA R R R S NaCl - - b - + - - - NA=Not applicable; a Weak beta; b occasional exception www.freelivedoctor.com
Editor's Notes
- Streptococci