Treponema pallidum
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A 56-year-old male presented with progressive cognitive decline and was diagnosed with neurosyphilis. Diagnostic tests found positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid serology for Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. The patient exhibited symptoms of the tertiary stage of syphilis including neurological involvement. Neurosyphilis was confirmed as the cause of his cognitive and behavioral changes.
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This document provides an overview of syphilis, including its history, causative organism Treponema pallidum, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes how T. pallidum was discovered in 1905 and its genome sequenced in 1998. The stages of syphilis including primary, secondary, latent and late syphilis are outlined. Methods for laboratory diagnosis including darkfield microscopy, DFA, serological tests and newer techniques are summarized. Recommendations for treatment and follow up depending on the stage of syphilis are also provided.
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T. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a venereal disease first recognized in the 16th century as the “great pox” that rapidly spread through Europe in association with urbanization and military campaigns. Some argue that it was brought back from the New World by the sailors with Christopher Columbus. Its extended course and the protean, often dramatic nature of its findings (genital ulcer, ataxia, dementia, ruptured aorta) are due to a state of balanced parasitism which spans decades. The cause of syphilis is actually a subspecies (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum) closely related to other agents which cause rare non venereal treponematoses. T. pallidum is used here to indicate the pallidum subspecies.
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1. T. pallidum was discovered in 1905 by Schaudinn and Hoffmann in samples from syphilitic patients.
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Syphilis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum that is primarily transmitted through sexual contact. It progresses through three stages - primary, secondary, and tertiary - if left untreated. Primary syphilis involves skin sores, secondary syphilis involves rashes and mouth sores, and tertiary syphilis can damage internal organs. Syphilis is diagnosed through tests that detect antibodies produced in response to the infection. While antibiotics can cure it in its early stages, later stages may cause permanent damage without treatment.
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Camp test
The CAMP test identifies Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep) and Listeria species by their production of a substance called the CAMP factor. The CAMP factor acts synergistically with Staphylococcus aureus to induce enhanced hemolysis, appearing as an arrowhead shape. Discovered in 1944 by Christie, Atkins, Munch, and Petersen, the CAMP test remains an important method for identifying S. agalactiae and Listeria monocytogenes.
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Typhoid fever is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi).
It infects your small intestines (gut) and causes high fever, stomach pain and other symptoms.
Typhoid fever is also called enteric fever.
Salmonella is a gram negative rods genus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.
Within 2 species, Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica, over 2500 different serotypes or serovars have been identified to date.
Gram-negative rods
Do not ferment lactose
Antigens of Salmonella species
Cell wall O antigen
Flagellar H antigen
Capsular Vi (virulence) antigen)
Salmonella bacteria are widely distributed in domestic and wild animals.
They are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, pigs, and cattle; and in pets, including cats, dogs, birds, and reptiles such as turtles.
Person-to-person transmission can also occur through the faecal-oral route.
Incubation Period: 7 to 23 days (average 10 to 14 days)
Aerobic or facultative anaerobes
Optimal temperature 37°C
Optimal pH
Nutrient broth: Uniform turbidity
Blood agar: Colonies 2 to 3 mm, circular, low convex, smooth, translucent, and non-hemolytic
MacConkey agar: Non- lactose fermenter ( colorless colonies)
Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA): Non-lactose fermenter colonies
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S. pyogenes, or group A streptococcus, is a gram-positive bacterium known to cause a variety of infections. It appears in chains and is capsulated. It is sensitive to bacitracin and produces positive reactions to PYR tests and negative reactions to catalase and ribose fermentation tests. It possesses M proteins and other antigens that allow it to evade the immune system. It produces various toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence. Common manifestations include pharyngitis, impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, and non-suppurative complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Diagn
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Treponema pallidum tutorial
This document summarizes information about Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. It describes key details such as:
1. T. pallidum was discovered in 1905 by Schaudinn and Hoffmann in samples from syphilitic patients.
2. It is a thin, helically coiled bacterium that is difficult to view with conventional microscopy but can be seen with specialized staining techniques or darkfield microscopy.
3. Syphilis is diagnosed through direct visualization of T. pallidum, nontreponemal tests that detect antibodies to cardiolipins and treponemal tests that detect antibodies to T. pallidum antigens.
SYPHILIS - TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
This document provides information about syphilis, including:
- Syphilis is caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium and is transmitted sexually or from mother to child.
- It has primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages. Primary syphilis involves a chancre at the infection site. Secondary syphilis has diffuse symptoms like rashes.
- Diagnosis involves clinical examination, darkfield microscopy of samples, and serological tests like VDRL and RPR. Treatment is with benzathine penicillin or alternatives like doxycycline if penicillin allergy.
Mdl 237 Streptococci
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Treponema Pallidum
Treponema pallidum es una espirila que causa sífilis, una infección de transmisión sexual. Presenta características como ser una célula larga y enrollada, poseer endoflagelos y ser el patógeno causante de sífilis en humanos. La sífilis puede presentarse en distintas fases como la primaria con chancros, la secundaria con erupciones y la latente/terciaria con síntomas neurológicos y degenerativos. Su diagnóstico incluye pruebas microscópicas y seroló
Treponema Pallidum - Microbiología
Esta bacteria Gram-negativa de morfología espiroqueta causa la sífilis venérea en humanos. Se transmite principalmente a través del contacto sexual y puede pasar de madre a feto. Presenta varias etapas como la primaria con úlceras indoloras, la secundaria con síntomas generales y exantema, y la tardía con afectaciones viscerales. Su diagnóstico se realiza mediante observación microscópica y pruebas serológicas, y su tratamiento es con penicilina.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Treponema
Este documento describe las características de Treponema, el género bacteriano que incluye las cuatro subespecies que causan sífilis, frambesia, bejel y pinta. Treponema pallidum es la especie más importante, una bacteria espiral muy fina. El diagnóstico puede ser directo mediante examen microscópico o PCR, o indirecto a través de pruebas serológicas como VDRL, FTA-ABS y TP-PA para detectar anticuerpos. La penicilina es el tratamiento recomendado en las
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This document provides information on laboratory tests for diagnosing several common STIs/RTIs. It discusses the basic terminology used in laboratory testing and then focuses on specific organisms and the tests available to detect each one. For syphilis, it describes tests to directly identify Treponema pallidum such as darkfield microscopy as well as non-treponemal and treponemal serological tests. Similar information is provided on tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, chancroid, herpes, donovanosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and causes of genital discharge. Common laboratory techniques mentioned include microscopy, culture, PCR and various antigen or antibody detection methods.
Espiroquetas orais e Treponema Pallidum
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Treponema pallidum
Este documento describe el caso de un paciente homosexual de 24 años que acudió al hospital con fiebre, nódulos linfáticos inflamados y manchas irregulares en la piel. Se le diagnosticó sífilis secundaria después de que se encontraron espiroquetas en una muestra de una lesión en el labio. Se le trató con penicilina G y sus síntomas desaparecieron. Más tarde se le consideró curado cuando los títulos de anticuerpos contra el Treponema pallidum disminuyeron.
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Sífilis- Sintomas e Tratamentos
A sífilis é uma DST causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum que pode causar úlceras genitais indolores no estágio primário e sintomas como febre e dor de garganta no estágio secundário. Se não tratada, pode evoluir para estágios mais graves como o terciário que afeta diversos órgãos. O tratamento preferido é a penicilina, mas outros antibióticos também podem ser usados. O uso do preservativo é a única forma segura de prevenir a transmissão.
Shigellosis
Shigella bacteria cause the infectious disease shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. It is estimated to cause around 90 million cases annually, resulting in over 100,000 deaths mostly in children in developing countries. The bacteria are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to reduce duration of symptoms.
Sífilis - O que é, sintomas, tratamento, formas de contágio e mais
A sífilis é uma doença infecciosa causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum que pode ser transmitida através do sexo desprotegido ou da mãe para o feto. Os sintomas variam dependendo do estágio e podem incluir feridas genitais, caroços, manchas na pele e queda de cabelo. O diagnóstico e tratamento adequados são essenciais para evitar complicações graves.
Shigella
Shigella are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that are a major cause of bacillary dysentery. There are four species - S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae. Shigella invade the colonic epithelium and multiply intracellularly, evading antibody-mediated immunity. They produce Shiga toxin which is enterotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic, causing the symptoms seen in shigellosis like diarrhea, fever, and bloody dysentery. Person-to-person fecal-oral transmission is common, often in settings like daycare centers and developing countries. Treatment involves rehydration, antibiotics
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Sífilis
A sífilis é uma doença sexualmente transmissível causada por uma bactéria. Os sintomas incluem lesões na pele e nas mucosas, e sem tratamento pode causar complicações graves como problemas cardíacos, neurológicos e sífilis congênita. A prevenção envolve relacionamentos estáveis e uso de preservativos, e o tratamento é fácil com antibióticos como a penicilina.
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This document provides information about Shigella spp., including its general characteristics as a gram-negative, non-motile, non-encapsulated, facultative anaerobic rod. It describes specimens used for laboratory diagnosis and various tests run, including microscopy showing gram-negative bacilli, growth on culture media like MacConkey agar and EMB agar, biochemical tests for oxidase, catalase, urease and citrate, and API 20E testing. It also covers serologic diagnosis and serotyping of Shigella into four serogroups.
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Sífilis - O que é, sintomas, tratamento, formas de contágio e mais
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SPIROCHETEs AND THE INFECTION OF YHE HUMAN
This document summarizes information about spirochetes and Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. It describes the morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity, stages of syphilis (primary, secondary, latent, tertiary), laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology, immunity, prophylaxis, and treatment of T. pallidum. Key points are that T. pallidum is a spiral-shaped bacterium that cannot be grown in culture but causes the sexually transmitted infection syphilis in humans, which progresses through distinct stages if left untreated and can be effectively treated with penicillin.
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Spirochetes are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which are human pathogens. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, which has primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages. Syphilis is transmitted sexually and causes a painless sore initially, followed by a rash and symptoms of disseminated infection before entering latent and late stages with tissue destruction if untreated. Diagnosis involves darkfield microscopy, serology tests like VDRL and specific Treponema tests, and treatment is with penicillin.
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Syphilis
This document summarizes syphilis, caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted sexually or vertically. Primary syphilis presents as a chancre, which disseminates and causes secondary syphilis skin lesions. Without treatment, it can progress to latent, tertiary cardiovascular, or neurosyphilis stages involving the brain, heart and blood vessels. Diagnosis involves clinical history, exams, and serological tests detecting nontreponemal and treponemal antibodies. Penicillin is the treatment, while abstinence and safe sex practices prevent transmission.
Treponema pallidum
This document discusses Treponema pallidum, the spirochete bacterium that causes syphilis. It describes the morphology, motility, staining methods, cultural characteristics, antigenic structures, transmission, and pathogenicity of T. pallidum. Key points include that T. pallidum is a thin, helically coiled bacterium that is difficult to visualize without staining, cannot be grown in culture, and is transmitted sexually through direct contact with syphilis sores. The document provides details on the structure, life cycle, and disease progression of T. pallidum and syphilis.
syphilisnibi hEALTH CARE RELATED TOPICS.pdf
This document provides an overview of syphilis, including its causative agent Treponema pallidum, modes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations in primary, secondary, latent and tertiary stages, diagnosis using serological tests and microscopy, treatment with penicillin, and prevention through safe sexual practices and regular testing. Key points covered are the spirochete morphology of T. pallidum, dissemination via blood and lymph, pathology involving endarteritis, immune response and tissue damage, varied lesions and organ involvement, use of nontreponemal and treponemal tests to detect antibodies, and lifelong risk of infection requiring prevention measures.
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This document discusses the bacterium Spirochaete, which includes the pathogenic spirochetes Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira. It focuses on Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. It describes the morphology, staining, culture, transmission and stages of syphilis including primary, secondary, latent, tertiary and congenital syphilis. It also discusses diagnostic tests, treatment with benzathine penicillin, and other non-venereal treponematoses including bejel, yaws and pinta.
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This document discusses laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. It begins by describing syphilis stages and transmission routes. It then details the laboratory tests used for syphilis screening and confirmation, including non-treponemal tests that detect reagin antibodies and treponemal tests that detect antibodies to Treponema pallidum antigens. It explains the traditional and reverse screening algorithms and emphasizes the importance of clinical evaluation to properly interpret laboratory results. Follow-up testing intervals are also outlined.
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1. Spirochetes are thin, spiral-shaped bacteria that include Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira genera.
2. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis which is transmitted sexually or through direct contact. It has a characteristic spiral shape and causes primary, secondary, latent, and late stages of syphilis with varied clinical manifestations.
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Treponema pallidum
- 1. A shepherd named Syphilus
- 2. Patient History • 56 year old male presenting with a progressive cognitive decline • Onset of the memory impairments was slow • Exhibiting euphoria and logorrhea; patient’s previous personality being usually sober and reserved • Lost his previous professional efficiency, becoming slow and erratic. • Headaches that had become more frequent and intense in the past few months • Many short-term relations with promiscuous sexual partners • Had not previously been tested for syphilis
- 3. Diagnostic Results • Neurological examination was completely normal, with no neurological signs • The blood cells count, the chemistry profile and the transaminase levels were normal • (CSF) analysis revealed a moderate cellularity, with small lymphocytes and rare neutrophyl granulocytes. – The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) serology was positive (titer 1/4), and the treponemal pallidum hemagglutination test index (THPA) was positive (titer 1/10,240) • Blood serology – the VDRL was positive (titer 1/512). THPA was also positive (titer 1/20,480) – the diagnosis of neurosyphilis being confirmed.
- 4. Clinical Manifestations • Primary stage – Multiplication of the organisms at the initial site of entry – Superficial ulcer with a firm base called a hard chancre • Secondary stage – Dissemination of treponemes to other tissues – slight fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, malaise, and a mucocutaneous rash • Tertiary or late stage – Cardiovascular involvement (80%) – Neurologic involvement – Gummas
- 5. Clinical Manifestations • Congenital spread – Bacteria can cross the placenta – Still birth/ miscarriage – mucocutaneous lesions, osteochondritis, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly • Hutchinson's triad – late congenital syphilis, three commonly observed manifestations, interstitial keratitis, notched incisors, and eighth-nerve deafness.
- 6. Treponema pallidum • Structure – helically coiled, corkscrew-shaped organisms 6 to 15 μm long and 0.1 to 0.2 μm wide • Environment – Fastidious – pH (7.2 to 7.4), and temperature (30 to 37°C) – Microaerophilic – Inactivated by mild heat, cold, desiccation, and most disinfectants
- 7. Cultural Characteristics?? • None – This organism has not been successfully cultured in vitro – Preservation media – 18-21 days • Staining – Gram – Stain does not take – Non Acid Fast – Dieterle stain? – Can be used to visualize T. pallidum
- 8. ID • Clinical manifestations are highly characteristic • Treponema in lesion material • Serologic reactions are often used for diagnosis – “nontreponemal” – Detect antibodies to nonspecific antigens, such as cardiolipin, that are produced in most patients with syphilis – Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test – Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests – “treponemal” – Detect antibodies directed against protein constituents of T pallidum – Fluorescent T pallidum Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) – Microhemagglutination for T pallidum (MHA-Tp)
- 9. Pathogenic Mechanism • Humans are the only natural host • Infection occurs through sexual contact • Mucosal membranes and small breaks in skin • Virulence – Several hemolysins – Amembrane protein that allows for permeability of nutrients but inaccessible to antibody – Ligands that allow cytoadhesion
- 10. Epidemiology and Treatment • World wide • 18-30 years old • Peak incidence in 1946 • Treatment – Penicillin
- 11. ANY QUESTIONS?
- 12. References • http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/? alpha=S&unit_code=32184 • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/ • http://www.tmj.ro/article.php?art=5468744642124430 • http://microbiologyglossary.wikispaces.com/Treponema+pallidum • http://www.antimicrobe.org/new/b242.asp • http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=10179
Editor's Notes
- Liver function
- Treponemal infections are unique in that they are characterized by distinct clinical stages “the great imitator” The rash initially appears on the palms and soles and eventually spreads to other areas Latency spleen and lymph nodes and blood serology remains positive. Cardiac- lk Nuro- dementia, loss of proprioception, strokes, and blindness
- 50 percent of fetuses are aborted or stillborn mucocutaneous lesions, osteochondritis (especially within the long bones), anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly
- High lipid content very thin stain used to demonstrate spirochetes; employs silver nitrate and uranium nitrate.
- The sensitivity of the tests varies with the stage of the disease. nontreponemal tests usually parallel the extent of infection =low sensitivity The treponemal tests often remain reactive for life
- less than 10 organisms are capable of producing infection inflammation that is responsible for most of the disease pathology