This document provides an overview of syphilis, including its history, causative organism Treponema pallidum, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes how T. pallidum was discovered in 1905 and its genome sequenced in 1998. The stages of syphilis including primary, secondary, latent and late syphilis are outlined. Methods for laboratory diagnosis including darkfield microscopy, DFA, serological tests and newer techniques are summarized. Recommendations for treatment and follow up depending on the stage of syphilis are also provided.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Spirochetes generally refer to bacteria with a spiral morphology ranging from loose coils to a rigid corkscrew shape. The three medically important genera include the cause of syphilis, the ancient scourge of sexual indiscretion, and Lyme disease, a newly discovered consequence of an innocent walk in the woods.
T. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a venereal disease first recognized in the 16th century as the “great pox” that rapidly spread through Europe in association with urbanization and military campaigns. Some argue that it was brought back from the New World by the sailors with Christopher Columbus. Its extended course and the protean, often dramatic nature of its findings (genital ulcer, ataxia, dementia, ruptured aorta) are due to a state of balanced parasitism which spans decades. The cause of syphilis is actually a subspecies (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum) closely related to other agents which cause rare non venereal treponematoses. T. pallidum is used here to indicate the pallidum subspecies.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. History
Fritz Schaudinn (1871-1906) and Paul E.
Hoffmann (1868-1959) discovered Treponema
pallidum in serum in 1905.
4. Recent Years
Scientist sequenced the
genome of the bacteria
Treponema Pallidum in
1998.
From this information
scientist hoped to
advance their ability
to diagnose, treat, and
prevent Syphilis
5. Introduction
Morpholgy
Thin delicate spirochete with tapering ends
length: 4-14µm
width: 0.1-0.2µm
has 10 spirals
actively motile
Genus Axial filament Insertion disk
Treponema 6-10 1
Borrelia 30-40 2
Leptospira 2 3-5
6. Resistance
Delicate and inactivated by drying or by heat(41-
42ºC in 1hr)
Fever therapy for syphilis
killed in 1-3 days at 0- 4ºC
inactivated by soap, arsenicals, common
antiseptic agents
7. Antigenic structure
complex antigenic structure
Treponema infection induces
3 types of antibody
1st is reagin antibody
2nd is group antigen
3rd is polysaccharide in nature
and is species specific
8. Pathogenesis
Organism entry(Sexual contact)
by penetrating the intact mucous membrane or
entering through breaks in the skin
Invade the blood stream and spreads to other
body sites
endarteritis
Progressive tissue destruction
9. Syphilis
Origin not definitely known
widely spread disease in Europe in 15th century
Types
Early Syphilis
Late Syphilis
Neuro Syphilis
Cardiovascular Syphilis
Late “Benigin” Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
10.
11. Primary Syphilis
Primary lesion or "chancre" develops at the
site of inoculation after 18- 21 days
Chancre:
Progresses from macule to papule to ulcer
Typically painless, indurated, and has a clean base
Highly infectious
Cartilage-like consistency
Heals spontaneously within 1 to 6 weeks
25% present with multiple lesions
chancre also can develop on the cervix, tongue, lips or
other parts of the body
Regional lymphadenopathy
12. Primary lesion in penile
region Primary lesion in tongue
Serologic tests for syphilis may not be
positive during early primary syphilis
13. Secondary Syphilis
Secondary lesions occur 3 to 6 weeks after the
primary chancre appears
may persist for weeks to months
Primary and secondary stages may overlap
Mucocutaneous lesions most common
Symptoms:
fever
swollen lymph glands
sore throat
patchy hair loss
headaches
weight loss
muscle aches
fatigue
15. Latent Syphilis
Host suppresses infection-no lesions are
clinically apparent
Only evidence is positive serologic test
May occur between
primary and secondary stages
secondary relapses
after secondary stage
Categories:
Early latent: <1 year duration
Late latent: 1 year duration
16. Late Syphilis
Approximately 30% of untreated patients
progress to the tertiary stage within 1 to 20
years
Rare because of the widespread availability
and use of antibiotics
Manifestations
Gummatous lesions
Cardiovascular syphilis
Neurosyphilis
17. Late “Benign” Syphilis
characterized by formation of non specific
granulomatous lesion called gumma
most common complication
15% of untreated patients
indicates fully active
cellular immune response
Destory surrounding
tissue as it enlarge
18. Cardiovascular Syphilis
10% of untreated patients
inflammation of the small vessel that feed
aorta and affect primarily the ascending aorta
Complications
Aortic aneurysm
dilation of aortic ring
19. Neuro Syhilis
May be symptomatic or asymptomatic
asymptomatic disease is characterized by
CSF abnormalities
symptomatic infection is either
meningovascular or parenchymatous
In meningovascular syphilis any cranial
nerve may be inflammed and deafness and
visual impairement may occur
Parenchymatous disease may involve the
neurons of cerebrum or the spinal cord
20. Congenital Syphilis
Occurs when T. pallidum is transmitted from a
pregnant woman to her fetus
May lead to
stillbirth &neonatal death
infant disorders such as deafness
neurologic impairment and bone deformities
Transmission can occur during any stage of
syphilis
risk is much higher during primary and
secondary syphilis
Fetal infection can occur during any trimester
of pregnancy
22. Laboratory Diagnosis
Identification of Treponema pallidum in lesions
Darkfield microscopy
Direct fluorescent antibody - T. pallidum
(DFA-TP)
PCR
Serologic tests
Nontreponemal test
Treponemal tests
23. Darkfield Microscopy
Sample collection
Clean the area around the lesion with gauze pad
moistened in saline
surface of ulcer is abraded until some blood is
expressed
blott the lesion until no futher bleeding
squeeze the area until serous fluid is expressed
expressed fluid is aspirated with sterile pipette
What to look for?
T. pallidum morphology and motility
8-10µm long, conists 8-14 tightly coiled even
spirals,
24. Advantage:
Definitive immediate diagnosis
easiest method of diagnosis
Disadvantages:
Requires specialized equipment and an experienced
microscopist
Possible confusion with other
pathogenic and nonpathogenic
spirochetes
Must be performed immediately
Generally not recommended on
oral lesions
Possibility of false-negatives
25. Direct fluorescent antibody test
Identifies T. pallidum in direct lesion smear by
immunofluorescence
smear are stained flourescein-isothyocyanide
labelled anti-T.pallidum globulin
Advantages:
Commercially available
detects and differentiate pathogenic
treponemes from non pathogenic
applicable to the sample of oral, rectal,
intestinal lesion
Disadvantages:
Turnaround time 1-2 days
28. Complement fixation test
(Wassermann reaction)
Formerly used for serodiagnosis of Syphilis
consist of 2 steps
Inactivated serum + (wassermann antigen + 2 unit
of guinea pig complement) incubate for 1hr at 37ºC
2nd step addition of sensitized sheep red cell and
incubate at 37ºC for 30 min
No lysis--- Posituve
Lysis----- Negative
29. Flocculation test
Soluble antigen + antibody---- antigen-antibody
complex form remain suspended as floccules
Khan test is the first flocculation test and has been
replaced by VDRL test
VDRL test can be used for CSF but not for plasma
Modification of VDRL test is RPR
which uses the VDRL antigen containing carbon
particles
RPR test can be done in unheated serum but not
CSF
Automated RPR is also available
Automated VDRL-ELISA test is also developed
31. Sensitivity & Specificity of non treponemal
test
% Sensitivity %
Specificity
Test Primary Secondary Latent Late Non-
Syphilis
VDRL 78 100 95 71 98
RPR 86 100 98 73 98
USR 80 100 95 99
TRUST 85 100 98 99
32. Treponemal tests
Treponema pallidum Immoblisation
Test serum is incubated with complement and
T.pallidum maintained in a complex medium
anaerobically
If antibody is present the treponemas are
immobilized i.e. non-motile when observed under
dark ground ilumination
Complex procedure
33. Fluorescent treponemal antibody
Indirect immunofluorescent test using as antigen,
smears prepared on slides with Nichol`s strain
Currently used modification is FTA-absorption
(FTA-ABS)
test serum is pre-absorbed with sorbent (heat
extract from cultures of non pathogenic Reiter
strain) to eliminate group specific reactions
serum is layered on slide to which T.pallidum is
fixed
FITC-labelled anti human immunolobulin is added
and combine with patient antibodies adhering to
T.pallidum, resulting in FITC stained spirochetes
34. Modification of FTA-ABS is the FTA-ABS double
stain
Conjugate used is rhodamine isothiocyanate-
labeled antihuman globulin and counterstain FITC-
labeled anti T.pallidum conjugate
35. Hemagglutination methods
TPHA uses tanned erythrocytes sensitised with
sonicated extract of T.pallidum as antigen
presence of treponemal antibodies in patient serum
was detected by indirect agglutination of sensitized
erythocytes
The procedure now employed is MHA-TP which can be
automated
simpler to perform than flourescent antibody tests
36. Particle agglutination methods
MHA test has been modified to use gelatin
particles rather than erythocytes as the antigen
carrier creating T.pallidum particle agglutination
removal of preabsorption process
procedure similar to MHA-TP
Sensitivity and specificity similar to that of the
FTA-ABS test
37. Latex agglutination methods
In 1985 1st report of latex agglutination was
publish
use cloned T. pallidum antigens bound to latex
particles
easy to perform, fast and require less than 30
min for result
38. Enzyme immunoassay
First applied in 1975 as a serology test for syphilis
2 types of EIA tests are available
one uses sonicated T.pallidum as anitgen
one uses cloned antigen
Advantage of EIA are capability to automate the
test and run large number of samples in relatively
short time
39. Immunoblotting
Used to detect IgG or IgM
to prepare the strips for T.pallidum immuno-blotting,
intially boiled sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) extract
of organism is electrophoresed through a gradient gel
After electrophoresis a sheet of nitrocellulose is
placed on the top of gel & the protein immuno-
determinants are electrophoretically transfer to blot
The blot is cut into strips and incubated with the
patient serum
after incubation strips with patient serum are detected
using enzyme and substrate lebeled antibody
IgM western blot is most sensitive to diagnose the
congenital syphilis
40. Sensitivites and Specifites of treponemal
test
%
Sensitivity Specificity
Test Primary Secondary Latent Non- Syphilis
FTA-ABS 84 100 100 97
TP-PA 88 100 100 98
FTA-ABS DS 86 100 100 98
EIA 90 100 100 98
Western blot 90 100 100 98
41. Therapy for Primary, Secondary, and Early
Latent Syphilis
Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units IM in
a single dose (Bicillin L-A®)
If penicillin allergic:
Doxycycline 100 mg orally
twice daily for 14 days,
or
Tetracycline 500 mg orally
4 times daily for 14 days
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted
diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR 2006;55 (No. RR-11).
42. Latent Syphilis of Unknown Duration
Benzathine penicillin G 7.2 million units total,
administered as 3 doses of 2.4 million units
IM each at 1-week intervals
If penicillin allergic:
Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice daily for
28 days OR
Tetracycline 500 mg orally 4 times daily for
28 days
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted
diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR 2006;55 (No. RR-11).
43. Therapy for Neurosyphilis
Aqueous crystalline penicillin G 18-24
million units per day, administered as 3-4
million units IV every 4 hours or continuous
infusion for 10-14 days IV
Alternative regimen (if compliance can be
ensured):
Procaine penicillin 2.4 million units IM once
daily PLUS Probenecid 500 mg orally 4
times a day, both for 10-14 days
44. Follow-Up
Primary or secondary syphilis
Re-examine at 6 and 12 months
Follow-up titers should be compared to the
maximum or baseline nontreponemal titer
obtained on day of treatment.
Latent syphilis
Re-examine at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months
HIV-infected patients
3, 6, 9, and 12 months for primary or secondary
syphilis
6, 12, 18, and 24 months for latent syphilis
Neurosyphilis
Serologic testing as above
Repeat CSF examination at 6-month intervals until
normal
45. Prevention
Refraining from sexual contact with a individual
infected with Syphilis will prevent spreading.
Using a condom will also help prevent transmission
46. References
Koneman`s Color Atlas and Textbook of
Diagnostic Microbiology
Ananthanarayan and Paniker`s Textbook of
Microbiology
Bailey & Scott`s Diagnostic Microbiology
Topley`s and Wilson