The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
The liver is the largest organ in the body
It is located below the diaphragm in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and extended approximately from the right 5th rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
ALT is an enzyme present in liver, heart skeletal muscles, highest concentration is present in Liver. it value increases when there is abnormality in liver, ALT is an amino transferase which transfer one amino group from an amino acid and transfer to another substance for production of non essential amino acid
Renal function test (RFT), also known as kidney function test is a group of tests used to assess the functions of kidney.
It is used screen for, detect, evaluate and monitor acute and chronic kidney diseases.
These are simple blood and urine tests that are used identify kidneys problems.
Tests of renal function have utility in-
Identifying the presence of renal disease
Monitoring the response of kidneys to treatment
Determining the progression of renal disease
RFT is ordered, if your doctor
thinks your kidneys may not be working properly which is known from signs and symptoms
and if you have other conditions that can harm the kidneys, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
Lipids are fatty substances that play an important role in a number of body functions. Apart from being structural components of the cells, Lipids also act as a source and mode of storage of energy for the body. The Lipid Profile Test measures the levels of specific types of lipids in the blood.
For more details, visit:
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/lipid-profile-1909
Renal function tests are very useful for effective clinical evaluation of renal failure for effective management. So it is useful for medical and allied professional students and clinical practitioners.
ALT is an enzyme present in liver, heart skeletal muscles, highest concentration is present in Liver. it value increases when there is abnormality in liver, ALT is an amino transferase which transfer one amino group from an amino acid and transfer to another substance for production of non essential amino acid
Renal function test (RFT), also known as kidney function test is a group of tests used to assess the functions of kidney.
It is used screen for, detect, evaluate and monitor acute and chronic kidney diseases.
These are simple blood and urine tests that are used identify kidneys problems.
Tests of renal function have utility in-
Identifying the presence of renal disease
Monitoring the response of kidneys to treatment
Determining the progression of renal disease
RFT is ordered, if your doctor
thinks your kidneys may not be working properly which is known from signs and symptoms
and if you have other conditions that can harm the kidneys, such as diabetes or high blood pressure
the following document contains various diagnostic test for screening liver function. and interpretation of results, which may confirm the presence of a disease or disorder
Liver function tests for Pharm.D (Medicinal biochemistry & Clinical pharmacy)Soujanya Pharm.D
Introduction, Major functions of liver, Tests to assess liver function, Classification of liver function tests, Interpretation of results (Medicinal biochemistry & Clinical pharmacy)
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. The liver is the largest organ in the body.
It is located below the diaphragm in the right
upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity and
extended approximately from the right 5th
rib to the lower border of the rib cage.
The working cells of the liver are known as
hepatocytes.
3. Liver regeneration can occur after surgical
removal of a portion of the liver or after
injuries that destroy parts of the liver.
Although the liver's ability to react to damage
& repair itself is remarkable, repetitive insults
can produce liver failure & death.
4. Metabolic function:
Liver actively participates in carbohydrate,
lipid, protein, mineral & vitamin metabolisms.
Excretory function:
Bile pigments, bile salts & cholesterol are
excreted in bile into intestine.
5. Hematological function:
Liver participates in formation of blood
(particularly in embryo)
Liver is also produces clotting factors like
factor V, VII.
Fibrinogen involved in blood coagulation is
also synthesized in liver.
It synthesize plasma proteins & destruction
of erythrocytes.
6. Storage function:
Glycogen, vitamins A, D & B12 & trace
element iron are stored in liver.
Protective function & detoxification:
Ammonia is detoxified to urea.
kupffer cells of liver perform phagocytosis to
eliminate foreign compounds.
Liver is responsible for the metabolism of
xenobiotics.
7. Heme
(250 to 400 mg/day)
Heme oxygenase
Biliverdin reductase
Hemoglobin
(70 to 80%) Erythroid cells
Heme proteins
myoglobin, cytochromes
(20 to 25%)
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
NADPH + H+
NADP+
3 [O]
Fe3+ + CO
apoferritinferritin
Indirect
unconjugated
pre-hepatic
albumin
10. Normal plasma bilirubin: 0.2–0.8 mg/dl.
Unconjugated bilirubin: 0.2–0.6 mg/dl.
Conjugated bilirubin: 0–0.2 mg/dl.
If the plasma bilirubin level exceeds 1mg/dl,
the condition is called hyperbilirubinemia.
Levels between 1 & 2 mg/dl are indicative of
latent jaundice.
11. When the bilirubin level exceeds 2 mg/dl, it
diffuses into tissues producing yellowish
discoloration of sclera, conjunctiva, skin &
mucous membrane resulting in jaundice.
Icterus is the Greek term for jaundice.
12. It is a specific test for for identificaion of
increased serum bilirubin levels.
Normal serum gives a negative van den
Bergh reaction.
Mechanism of the reaction:
Van den Bergh reagent is a mixture of equal
volumes of sulfanilic acid (in dilute HCI)&
sodium nitrite.
13. Principle:
Diazotised sulfanilic acid reacts with bilirubin
to form a purple coloured azobilirubin.
Direct and indirect reactions:
Bilirubin as such is insoluble in water while
the conjugated bilirubin is soluble.
14. Van den Bergh reagent reacts with
conjugated bilirubin & gives a purple colour
immediately (normally within 30 seconds.
This is direct positive van den Bergh reaction.
Addition of methanol (or alcohol) dissolves
the unconjugated bilirubin & gives the van
den Bergh reaction (normally within 30
minutes) positive.
This is indirect positive.
15. lf the serum contains both unconjugated and
conjugated bilirubin in high concentration,
the purple colour is produced immediately
(direct positive) which is further intensified
by the addition of alcohol (indirect positive).
This type of reaction is known as biphasic.
16. Useful in understanding the nature of
jaundice.
This is due to jaundice is characterized by
increased serum concentration of
unconjugated bilirubin (hemolytic),
conjugated bilirubin (obstructive) or both of
them (hepatic).
17. Indirect positive - Hemolytic jaundice
Direct positive - Obstructive jaundice
Biphasic - Hepatic jaundice
Bilirubin in urine:
The conjugated bilirubin, being water
soluble, is excreted in urine.
Unconjugated bilirubin is not excreted.
Bilirubin in urine can be detected by
Fouchet's test or Gmelin's test.
18. The conjugated bilirubin is water soluble &
is excreted in urine.
The unconjugated bilirubin is not excreted.
Bilirubin in urine can be detected by
Fouchet's test or Gmelin's test
19. Major liver function tests may be classified
as follows
Tests based on excretory function –
Measurement of bile pigments, bile salts,
bromosulphthalein.
Tests based on serum enzymes derived from
liver - Determination of transaminases,
alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, γ –
glutamyltranspeptidase.
20. Tests based on metabolic capacity –
Galactose tolerance, antipyrine clearance.
Tests based on synthetic functions –
Prothrombin time, serum albumin.
Tests based on detoxification - Hippuric acid
synthesis.
21. Bromosulphthalein is a dye used to assess the
excretory function of liver.
It is a non-toxic compound & almost exclusively
excreted by the liver (through bile).
BSP is administered intravenously (5 mg/kg
body weight) & its serum concentration is
measured at 45 min & at 2 hrs.
22. In normal individuals, <5% of the dye is
retained at the end of 45 min.
Any impairment in liver function causes an
increased retention of the dye.
This test is quite sensitive to assess liver
abnormality with particular reference to
excretory function.
23. A large number of enzyme estimations are
available which are used to ascertain liver
function.
They are be divided into two groups:
Most commonly & routinely done in the
laboratory.
AST & ALT
Not routinely done in the laboratory
24. AST or SGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase)
SGOT
25. Normal range: 10-45 U/L.
AST is found in both cytoplasm & mitochondria
AST/GOT also reflects damage to the hepatic
cells & is less specific for liver disease.
It can also be released with heart, muscle &
brain disorders.
AST help diagnose various heart, muscle or
brain disorders, such as a myocardial infarct
(heart attack).
26. Acute hemolytic anemia
Cirrhosis of the liver
Hepatitis
Acute pancreatitis or inflammation of pancreas
Acute renal failure or loss of kidney function.
Heart attack
Primary muscle disease
Recent surgery
27. ALT or SGPT (serum glutamate pyruvate
transaminase)
ALT is a cytoplasmic enzyme.
Normal Range: 5-40 U/L.
SGPT
28. Alcoholic liver disease
Cancer of liver
Hepatitis or inflammation of the liver
Noncancerous tumor of the liver
Use of medicines or drugs toxic to the liver
Cirrhosis or scarring of the liver
Death of liver tissue.
29. ALP occurs in in all tissues, especially liver,
bone. bile duct, kidney & the placenta.
The ALP used to help diagnose certain liver
diseases and bone disorders.
Normal range: 30 - 95 IU/L (3-13 kings unit)
30. ALP is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for
removing phosphate groups from many
types of molecules, including nucleotides &
proteins.
Most effective in an alkaline environment.
Levels are significantly higher in growing
children.
31. A rise in serum ALP (normal 3-13 KA units/dl),
usually associated with elevated serum
bilirubin is an indicator of biliary obstruction
(obstructive/posthepatic jaundice).
ALP is also elevated in cirrhosis of liver &
hepatic tumors.
32. This is a microsomal enzyme widely
distributed in body tissues, including liver.
Measurement of γ - glutamyl transpeptidase
(GGT) activity provides a sensitive index to
asses liver abnormality.
The activity of this enzyme almost parallels
that of transaminases in hepatic damage.
33. Normal range: 10-15 U/L
Serum GGT is highly elevated in biliary
obstruction & alcoholism.
Several drugs (e.g. phenytoin) induce (liver
synthesis) & increase this enzyme in
circulation.
34. Normal range: 2-15 U/L
The serum activity of 5'-nucleotidase is
elevated in hepatobiliary disease & this
parallels ALP.
The 5'-nucleotidase is not altered in bone
disease (as is the case with ALP).
35. Galactose tolerance:
Galactose is almost exclusively metabolized
by the liver.
The liver function can be assessed by
measuring the utilization of galactose.
The subject is given intravenous
administration of galactose (about 300 mg/kg
body weight).
36. Blood is drawn at 10 minute intervals for
the next 2 hours & galactose estimated.
In the normal individuals, the half-life of
galactose is about 10-15 minutes.
This is markedly elevated in hepatocellular
damage (infective hepatitis, cirrhosis).
37. Serum albumin:
Albumin is solely synthesized by the liver.
It has a half-life of about 20-25 days.
It is a good marker to assess chronic (& not
acute) liver damage.
Low serum albumin is commonly observed in
patients with severe liver damage.
Albumin is also decreased in malnutrition.
38. Functional impairment of liver is frequently
associated with increased synthesis of
globulins.
Cirrhosis of the liver causes a reversal of
albumin/globulin ratio (A/G ratio).
Serum electrophoresis of proteins reveals
increased albumin & decreased γ -globulin
concentrations.
39. The liver synthesizes all the factors concerned
with blood clotting.
A decrease in the concentration of plasma
clotting factors is found in the impairment of
liver function.
Prothrombin time is prolonged in patients
with liver damage, compared to normal.
It generally falls 10 - 15 seconds.
40. The liver is the major site for the metabolism
of xenobiotics (detoxification).
Measurement of hippuric acid synthesis is an
ideal test for assessing the detoxification
function of liver.
Hippuric acid is produced in the liver when
benzoic acid combines with glycine.
41. About 6 g of sodium benzoate (dissolved in
about 250 ml water) is orally given to the
subject, after a light breakfast (usually 2 hrs
later) & after emptying the bladder.
Urine collections are made for the next 4
hours & the amount of hippuric acid excreted
is estimated.
A reduction in hippuric acid excretion
(particularly <3 g) indicates hepatic damage.
42. Text book of Biochemistry – DM Vasudevan
Text book of Biochemistry – U Satyanarayana
Text book of Biochemistry – MN Chatterjea