This document provides information on routine biochemistry parameters that are used to evaluate liver and kidney function as well as lipid levels. It describes several key liver function tests including ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, GGT, albumin and globulin that can indicate liver health. Renal function tests like BUN, creatinine, electrolytes and uric acid are also outlined. Finally, it discusses lipid profile measurements including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides that are used to assess heart disease risk.

1. BIOCHEMISTRY ROUTINE
PARAMETERS

2. LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
 SGPT- ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)
 SGOT –AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
 Alkaline phosphatase level test (ALP)
 The gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
 Total bilirubin
 Direct Bilirubin
 Indirect Bilirubin
 Globumin
 Total Protein
 Albumin

3.  SGPT- (ALT) Alanine Transaminase test :It is used by your
body to metabolize protein.If the liver is damaged or not
funtioning properly,ALT an be released into the blood.This
cause ALT level to increase.A higher than normal result on tis
test can be a sign of liver damage.
ALT above 25 IU/L in females and 33 IU/L in males requires
further testing.
 SGOT- (AST) Aspartate aminotransferase test:It is an
enzyme found in several parts of the body,including the
heart,liver and muscles.AST levels arent as specific for liver
damage as ALT,it usualy measured with ALT to check for liver
problems.
Normal range is typically upto 40 IU/L in adults and may be
higher in infants and young children.
 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test: Is an enzyme found in
your bones,bile ducts and liver.High level of ALP may indicate
liver inflammation,blockage of the bile ducts,or a bone
disease.
The normal range for ALP is typically upo 120 U/L in adults.

4.  Albumin test: It is the main protein made by liver.
o stops fluid from leaking out of your blood vessels
o nourishes your tissues
o transports hormones, vitamins, and other
substances throughout your body
The normal range for albumin is 3.5–5.0 grams per deciliter
(g/dL).However, low albumin can also be a result of poor nutrition,
kidney disease, infection, and inflammation.
 Bilirubin test: It is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood
cells. Damaged liver can’t properly process bilirubin. This leads to an
abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood. A high result on the
bilirubin test may indicate that the liver isn’t functioning properly.
 Direct Bilirubin
 Total Bilirubin
 Indirect Bilirubin = Total Bilirubin –Direct Bilirubin

5.  The gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) -
GGT is present in low levels, but when the liver is
injured, the GGT level can rise. GGT is usually the first
liver enzyme to rise in the blood when any of the bile
ducts that carry bile from the liver to the intestines
become obstructed, for example, by tumors or stones.
This makes it the most sensitive liver enzyme test for
detecting bile duct problems.
 Total Protein- A total serum protein test measures the
total amount of protein in the blood. It also measures
the amounts of two major groups of proteins in the
blood: albumin and globulin.
 Globulin = Total protein - Albumin

6. RENAL FUNCTION TEST
 Your kidneys filter over 180 litres of blood every
day, removing waste and excess water. Without
your kidneys filtering ability, the unwanted waste
and water would accumulate in your blood and
cause damage. By taking this test, a doctor can use
the information gathered to help diagnose kidney-
related issues.
 Urea- BUN (Urea/2.43)
 Uric acid
 Calcium
 Creatinine
 Electrolytes (K+ ,Na+ ,Cl-)

7.  BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - Urea nitrogen is a byproduct from the
breakdown of food proteins. A normal BUN level is between 7 and 20. As
kidney function decreases, the BUN level rises. BUN (Blood Urea
Nitrogen) - 10 - 20 mg/dL
Potassium - Potassium is an electrolyte that assists in many bodily
functions like water balance, digestion, and nerve impulses. Kidney
disease can cause both high and low potassium levels.
 Sodium - Sodium is the final of the three major electrolytes your body
utilizes to control fluid balance inside and out of cells, among other
functions. High sodium levels could indicate kidney disease because the
body is unable to effectively remove the correct amount.
 Chloride - Chloride is an important electrolyte used by the body to
maintain the proper blood volume, blood pressure, blood acidity, and
balance of fluid in cells. An increased level of blood chloride may indicate
kidney diseases like tubular acidosis, which is when the kidneys do not
remove enough acid. Chloride - 96 - 106MEq/L.

8.  Calcium - Measuring urine calcium can help determine
whether the kidneys are excreting the proper amount of
calcium. Too much calcium can also help indicate kidney
stones.
 Creatinine - A waste product that comes from normal wear
and tear on the body’s muscles. The level of creatinine in the
blood rises as kidney disease progresses. Creatinine - 0.9 to
1.5mg/dL for men and 0.6 to 1.1mg/dL for women.
Calcium - 8.5 - 10.3mg/dL
 Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of purines. Purines
are nitrogen-containing compounds found in the cells of the
body, including our DNA. This test measures the level of uric
acid in the blood or urine.

9. LIPID TESTS
The lipid profile typically includes:
 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
 High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
 Triglycerides
 Total cholesterol
Using these values, a laboratory may also calculate:
 Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
 Cholesterol:HDL ratio

10.  Total cholesterol: This is the total amount of
cholesterol in your blood.
 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): This is referred to as
“bad” cholesterol. Too much of it raises your risk of
heart attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis.
 High-density lipoprotein (HDL) : This is referred to as
“good” cholesterol because it helps remove LDL
cholesterol from your blood.
 Triglycerides: When you eat, your body converts the
calories it doesn’t need into triglycerides, which are
stored in your fat cells. People who are overweight,
diabetic, eat too many sweets, or drink too much
alcohol can have high triglyceride levels.