This document discusses improving rerouting schemes for multiple link failures using interface-specific routing (ISR). It proposes using ISR combined with tunneling on demand (TOD) to cover most failures. ISR routes traffic based on the ingress interface of packets, avoiding the need for packet modifications. TOD is only activated when failures cannot be routed around with ISR alone. The document also discusses using elliptic curve-based Diffie-Hellman key exchange to encrypt data for added security.
Adhoc wireless networks are collections of two or more devices that can communicate directly within their radio range and through intermediate nodes outside their radio range. They can take different forms and be mobile, standalone, or networked. Wireless sensor networks consist of minute sensors that help predict decisions through data fusion of acoustic, seismic, image, heat, direction, smoke, and temperature data. They face challenges including device fabrication, power conservation, efficient protocols, distributed computation, data dissemination, scalability, and security. Challenges in adhoc networks also include spectrum allocation, media access, routing, multicasting, energy efficiency, TCP performance, service location and provisioning, and security and privacy.
Wireless Data Communication Techniques to Coordinate Distributed Rooftop PVs ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A necessity of the availability of communication network to provide data transfer amongst the
coordinated single-phase rooftop photovoltaic (PV) in unbalanced three-phase low voltage (LV) feeder is
essential since fetching data within the sensor of each PV unit requires real-time measurement and
reliable data exchange within smart grid (SG), loads and other PV units. The main objective of this paper is
to model the popular Wi-Fi, WiMax and ZigBee wireless data communication techniques into algorithms
using numerical analysis. Those communication technologies have low cost and low power consumption.
The benefits and drawbacks of those considered wireless data communications are shown as the required
data that transferred and appropriate coding is also proposed. The number of transmitted symbols and the
processing time delay of the proposed data coding are numerically analyzed, the results indicated that the
100% penetration level of PV that resulted higher injected reactive power back into the networks is able to
be overcome since the coordinated PVs along the feeder is communicating to lower the unbalanced
voltage profile.
The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed for use in wireless ad-hoc networks without existing infrastructure. DSR allows networks to self-organize and self-configure. It uses two main mechanisms: route discovery determines the optimal transmission path between nodes, while route maintenance ensures the path stays optimal and loop-free as network conditions change.
Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart CampusIJMER
The document discusses simulations of Zigbee-based wireless sensor networks using different topologies with static and dynamic positioning of the Zigbee coordinator node. The simulations analyzed the effect on throughput and end-to-end delay. Results showed that a tree topology with a mobile coordinator had the highest throughput. A mesh topology, whether with static or dynamic coordinator, produced the lowest end-to-end delay. The document concludes that making the coordinator node mobile generally provides better network performance than a static coordinator configuration.
Secure communications over wireless broadcast networkspraveen369
The document describes a shortest seek first algorithm for scheduling requests on a disk drive. The algorithm scans the request queue for the request closest to the disk head's current position and services that request first to minimize seeking time. While this reduces average response time compared to a FIFO queue, requests further away could starve if new requests keep arriving near the head. The elevator algorithm is presented as an alternative that services requests in the direction of disk head movement to avoid starvation and further reduce seeking time.
This document summarizes a seminar report on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) presented by Praveen Kumar P to fulfill degree requirements. The report discusses basics of MANETs including their characteristics such as dynamic topology and bandwidth constrained links. It also examines different types of routing protocols used in MANETs including table-driven protocols like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing and source-initiated on-demand protocols like AODV and DSR. Additionally, it covers vehicular ad hoc networks as a specific application of MANETs and concludes with potential applications of these self-configuring wireless networks.
Definition
A decentralized type of wireless network, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, It can turn the dream of networking at any place and at time into reality. We are almost there by the way .Ex- Bluetooth enabled mobile phones such as 3G, laptops, handheld digital devices, personal digital assistants, or wearable computers
Adhoc wireless networks are collections of two or more devices that can communicate directly within their radio range and through intermediate nodes outside their radio range. They can take different forms and be mobile, standalone, or networked. Wireless sensor networks consist of minute sensors that help predict decisions through data fusion of acoustic, seismic, image, heat, direction, smoke, and temperature data. They face challenges including device fabrication, power conservation, efficient protocols, distributed computation, data dissemination, scalability, and security. Challenges in adhoc networks also include spectrum allocation, media access, routing, multicasting, energy efficiency, TCP performance, service location and provisioning, and security and privacy.
Wireless Data Communication Techniques to Coordinate Distributed Rooftop PVs ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A necessity of the availability of communication network to provide data transfer amongst the
coordinated single-phase rooftop photovoltaic (PV) in unbalanced three-phase low voltage (LV) feeder is
essential since fetching data within the sensor of each PV unit requires real-time measurement and
reliable data exchange within smart grid (SG), loads and other PV units. The main objective of this paper is
to model the popular Wi-Fi, WiMax and ZigBee wireless data communication techniques into algorithms
using numerical analysis. Those communication technologies have low cost and low power consumption.
The benefits and drawbacks of those considered wireless data communications are shown as the required
data that transferred and appropriate coding is also proposed. The number of transmitted symbols and the
processing time delay of the proposed data coding are numerically analyzed, the results indicated that the
100% penetration level of PV that resulted higher injected reactive power back into the networks is able to
be overcome since the coordinated PVs along the feeder is communicating to lower the unbalanced
voltage profile.
The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol designed for use in wireless ad-hoc networks without existing infrastructure. DSR allows networks to self-organize and self-configure. It uses two main mechanisms: route discovery determines the optimal transmission path between nodes, while route maintenance ensures the path stays optimal and loop-free as network conditions change.
Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart CampusIJMER
The document discusses simulations of Zigbee-based wireless sensor networks using different topologies with static and dynamic positioning of the Zigbee coordinator node. The simulations analyzed the effect on throughput and end-to-end delay. Results showed that a tree topology with a mobile coordinator had the highest throughput. A mesh topology, whether with static or dynamic coordinator, produced the lowest end-to-end delay. The document concludes that making the coordinator node mobile generally provides better network performance than a static coordinator configuration.
Secure communications over wireless broadcast networkspraveen369
The document describes a shortest seek first algorithm for scheduling requests on a disk drive. The algorithm scans the request queue for the request closest to the disk head's current position and services that request first to minimize seeking time. While this reduces average response time compared to a FIFO queue, requests further away could starve if new requests keep arriving near the head. The elevator algorithm is presented as an alternative that services requests in the direction of disk head movement to avoid starvation and further reduce seeking time.
This document summarizes a seminar report on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) presented by Praveen Kumar P to fulfill degree requirements. The report discusses basics of MANETs including their characteristics such as dynamic topology and bandwidth constrained links. It also examines different types of routing protocols used in MANETs including table-driven protocols like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector routing and source-initiated on-demand protocols like AODV and DSR. Additionally, it covers vehicular ad hoc networks as a specific application of MANETs and concludes with potential applications of these self-configuring wireless networks.
Definition
A decentralized type of wireless network, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internetwork in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, It can turn the dream of networking at any place and at time into reality. We are almost there by the way .Ex- Bluetooth enabled mobile phones such as 3G, laptops, handheld digital devices, personal digital assistants, or wearable computers
A Study on Access Point Selection Algorithms in Wireless Mesh NetworksEswar Publications
This document discusses access point (AP) selection algorithms in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). It analyzes the limitations of the traditional AP selection method defined by IEEE 802.11, which is based solely on received signal strength. The paper studies AP selection as a key problem in WMNs and identifies important parameters that should be considered, such as link quality, load balancing, cross-layer interactions, and dynamic association. It also provides directions for designing new AP selection metrics that are better suited for WMN environments.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Bluetooth wireless technology standards. It provides an overview of WLANs including the IEEE 802.11 standard, wireless network architectures, services provided, and advantages and disadvantages compared to wired networks. It also summarizes Bluetooth including its introduction and key features, network topology of piconets and scatternets, and Bluetooth protocol stack.
Tutorial at IEEE 802 LMSC Plenary Session, Dallas, TX, USA, Nov. 13, 2006 (with W. Steven Conner, Intel Corp., Jan Kruys, Cisco Systems, and Juan Carlos Zuniga, InterDigital Comm. Corp.).
Practical Wireless Mesh Networks and Their ApplicationsRaluca Musaloiu-E.
1. A user makes a SIP call to join a PTT group. The call is routed through the mesh network to the PTT controller.
2. The PTT controller assigns the user a floor control state and notifies the relevant PTT nodes.
3. When a user wants to speak, they press a button which sends a signal to the PTT controller via SIP.
4. If granted the floor, the PTT controller allows the user's voice stream to be broadcast to other group members.
This document discusses local area networks (LANs) and the use of fiber optic cables in LAN architecture. It describes different LAN topologies including bus, ring, star and their implementations. It compares fiber optic cables favorably to copper cables, noting fiber's higher bandwidth, reliability and longer transmission distances. The document also discusses specific ring-based standards like FDDI that use fiber optic cables to interconnect lower-speed LANs or mainframe computers at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Overall, the document promotes the use of fiber optic cables in LANs for their benefits over copper in supporting growing bandwidth demands.
Routing is an important operation in ad hoc wireless networks that provides communication between wireless devices. This document discusses the challenges of routing in these networks due to their dynamic topology and lack of infrastructure. It describes several routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks, including proactive protocols like DSDV, reactive protocols like AODV and DSR, and hybrid protocols like ZRP. Secure routing is challenging in ad hoc wireless networks due to their vulnerability to security attacks.
This document discusses collision avoidance mechanisms in wireless ad hoc networks using distributed medium access control (MAC) protocols. It analyzes two main approaches for collision avoidance - out-of-band signaling using a busy tone, and an in-band handshaking approach using request-to-send and clear-to-send messages. The hidden node problem is a major cause of collisions at intermediate nodes in ad hoc networks, so the goal is to reduce collisions and improve transmission reliability. Algorithms for collision avoidance at intermediate nodes are presented for both the out-of-band and in-band approaches.
Wi-Fi, also known as IEEE 802.11, is a set of standards that allow wireless devices to communicate. It operates in various frequency bands including 2.4GHz and 5GHz. Wi-Fi standards have evolved from 2Mbps with 802.11 to 600Mbps with 802.11n. Wi-Fi networks can operate in ad hoc, mesh, or infrastructure modes. Infrastructure mode with an access point is most common in homes and businesses. Wi-Fi uses techniques like CSMA/CA and frequency hopping/direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple devices to share the wireless channel.
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks. It describes how MANETs are self-configuring networks formed by mobile nodes connected wirelessly without any fixed infrastructure. Each node acts as a router to forward packets. Wireless sensor networks are similar but use smart sensor nodes that can sense environmental data and disseminate it through the network. Examples of MANET and sensor network applications include content sharing between devices, industrial plant monitoring, and traffic monitoring. Security challenges in these networks are also discussed.
https://www.ijmst.com/
IJMST Volume 1 Issue 1, Manuscript 4
As the popularity of mobile devices and wireless networks significantly increased over the
past years. The wireless adhoc network has now become one of the most vibrant and active
fields of communication and networking research. These networks are a new generation of
networks offering unrestricted mobility without any underlying infrastructure. As their
principle application is in disastrous environments, security is critical. Various challenges are
faced in the adhoc environment, mostly due to the resource poorness of these networks. One
man confront in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. The
solutions for conventional networks are usually not sufficient to provide efficient adhoc
operations. Just because of its wireless nature of communication and lack of any security
infrastructure raise several security problems and threats.
In this paper, we briefly review the threats an adhoc network faces and the security goals to
be achieved. Moreover, it also presents existing security schemes used in wireless adhoc
networks in order to handle security threats.
This document discusses wireless communications and ad hoc networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless communications, including the generations of wireless technologies and electromagnetic spectrum used. It then covers wireless computer networks, focusing on wireless local area networks (WLANs) and transmission techniques like infrared and spread spectrum. The document explains the IEEE 802.11 standard architecture, including components like access points, basic service sets, and extended service sets. It discusses security issues and considerations for wireless networks. Finally, it defines ad hoc networks as decentralized peer-to-peer networks without a central access point, set up temporarily to meet immediate needs.
EFFECTIVE AND SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION IN WSNs CONSIDERING TRANSFER MODULE O...IJEEE
A Bio-inspired clustering algorithm based on BFO has been proposed and investigation on energy efficient clustering algorithms related to WSNs has been done in this paper. The contribution of this paper related to use of Bacteria foraging algorithm firstly for WSNs for enhancing network lifetime of sensor nodes.
The document discusses implementing a wireless mesh network using IEEE 802.11s at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. It describes the benefits of mesh networks, different mesh network modes, and comparisons with other wireless technologies. It also outlines the hardware and software developed, including antennas, wireless routers, firmware, and traffic monitoring tools used to test and analyze the campus mesh network.
Serial Communication Interface with Error Detectioniosrjce
UART is used for serial data communication. UART is a piece of computer hardware that translates
between parallel bits of data and serial bits. UART is usually an integrated circuit used for serial
communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Bits have to be moved from one place to
another using wires or some other medium. Over many miles, the expense of the wires becomes large. To reduce
the expense of long communication links carrying several bits in parallel, data bits are sent sequentially. Errors
may occur either internally or externally while we transmit information from source to destination. The errors
generated during the transmission would affect the performance of the overall system. In order to reduce the
errors we should incorporate any error detecting schemes like hamming decoder, check parity systems etc.
Different serial communication devices are available.
Repeaters regenerate signals to extend the range of a network at the physical layer. They cannot filter or forward data selectively. Bridges operate at the data link layer and can check the MAC addresses of frames to selectively forward or drop frames. Routers operate at the network layer and use IP addresses and routing tables to optimally forward packets between networks. Switches are like bridges but have multiple ports, examine destination MAC addresses, and can forward frames faster than bridges. Gateways connect different types of networks and perform protocol conversion to allow communication between them.
An overview of contemporary security problems in wireless mesh networksiosrjce
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional
wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an
alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service
providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and
inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to
security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks
have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security
goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new
networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.
Mobile Ad hoc Network is basically a crew of mobile traffic nodes, which figure an effectual dynamic topology and built a resource mannered network. Mobile Ad hoc Networks are exceptional cases of ad hoc networks that, but it is lacking infrastructure, communicating entities pass with various accelerations. For that reason, this impedes or delay lays the foundation of well built end-to-end communication paths. So Mobile Ad-hoc Network having efficient data transfer. In this manner, MANETs have out of the common network concerns and security challenges to get the advanced connectivity, immune communications, and reputation executives systems which have an impact on the trust in cooperation and settlement between mobile networking units. In this survey paper we confer about the security attributes, attacks, and challenges of MANETs.So, it is important to have a better and good formation algorithm to connect all the nodes to each other. There must be less time, low delay time, more battery life, more speeds of packets.
A SURVEY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN WSNIAEME Publication
Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. Wireless Sensor Networks have acquired a lot of attention by research community, manufacturer as well as actual users for monitoring remote trades and how to gather data in different environment. The wireless sensor nodes are especially battery powered devices having life can be extended for some times while long lasting and reliable for maintaining consumption of energy and network lifetime while designs applications and protocols. So it is essential to design effective and energy efficient protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper we present the study of different energy efficient communication protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).Then some of the communication protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed advantages and disadvantages of each protocols.
Performance improvement of automated address assignment for path cluster wsn ...IAEME Publication
The document describes a proposed system for improving automated address assignment and routing in path cluster wireless sensor networks (PCC-WSNs). The system includes:
1) A distributed network formation process to partition nodes into clusters and paths and assign identifiers to each group.
2) A two-level address assignment scheme that assigns each node both a level-1 address to identify its path/cluster and a level-2 address within that group, reducing the address space needed.
3) A two-level routing scheme based on the hierarchical addresses, allowing routing with low overhead directly from nodes' addresses.
Simulation results show the proposed system can accurately partition nodes and assign addresses connecting all nodes while using significantly less address
A wireless mesh network (WMN) consists of mesh clients, mesh routers, and gateways organized in a mesh topology. It is self-forming, self-healing, and allows multi-hop connections. In contrast, a wireless ad-hoc network is a decentralized wireless network that does not rely on existing infrastructure and where devices communicate directly with each other without an access point. Key differences are that WMN relies on some fixed infrastructure and supports multi-hop traffic to gateways, while ad-hoc networks are fully infrastructure-independent and support user-to-user traffic. Both utilize various routing protocols for path selection between nodes.
This report is about a functionality in computer that is ad-hoc wireless network which is very suitable for especially university students who have tasks or group activities and discussion about projects so I hope it will be helpful for them but it needs internet and works as alternative of USB.
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) were first developed in the 1970s by DARPA to allow packet radio connections between military terminals without infrastructure. MANETs allow devices to self-configure into a temporary network without centralized administration. They find applications in disaster relief, conferences, and more. Key challenges in MANETs include dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, and scalability issues as more devices join the network. Routing protocols must adapt to frequent changes, while providing quality of service, security, and other functions with distributed control.
A Study on Access Point Selection Algorithms in Wireless Mesh NetworksEswar Publications
This document discusses access point (AP) selection algorithms in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). It analyzes the limitations of the traditional AP selection method defined by IEEE 802.11, which is based solely on received signal strength. The paper studies AP selection as a key problem in WMNs and identifies important parameters that should be considered, such as link quality, load balancing, cross-layer interactions, and dynamic association. It also provides directions for designing new AP selection metrics that are better suited for WMN environments.
The document discusses wireless local area networks (WLANs) and Bluetooth wireless technology standards. It provides an overview of WLANs including the IEEE 802.11 standard, wireless network architectures, services provided, and advantages and disadvantages compared to wired networks. It also summarizes Bluetooth including its introduction and key features, network topology of piconets and scatternets, and Bluetooth protocol stack.
Tutorial at IEEE 802 LMSC Plenary Session, Dallas, TX, USA, Nov. 13, 2006 (with W. Steven Conner, Intel Corp., Jan Kruys, Cisco Systems, and Juan Carlos Zuniga, InterDigital Comm. Corp.).
Practical Wireless Mesh Networks and Their ApplicationsRaluca Musaloiu-E.
1. A user makes a SIP call to join a PTT group. The call is routed through the mesh network to the PTT controller.
2. The PTT controller assigns the user a floor control state and notifies the relevant PTT nodes.
3. When a user wants to speak, they press a button which sends a signal to the PTT controller via SIP.
4. If granted the floor, the PTT controller allows the user's voice stream to be broadcast to other group members.
This document discusses local area networks (LANs) and the use of fiber optic cables in LAN architecture. It describes different LAN topologies including bus, ring, star and their implementations. It compares fiber optic cables favorably to copper cables, noting fiber's higher bandwidth, reliability and longer transmission distances. The document also discusses specific ring-based standards like FDDI that use fiber optic cables to interconnect lower-speed LANs or mainframe computers at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Overall, the document promotes the use of fiber optic cables in LANs for their benefits over copper in supporting growing bandwidth demands.
Routing is an important operation in ad hoc wireless networks that provides communication between wireless devices. This document discusses the challenges of routing in these networks due to their dynamic topology and lack of infrastructure. It describes several routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks, including proactive protocols like DSDV, reactive protocols like AODV and DSR, and hybrid protocols like ZRP. Secure routing is challenging in ad hoc wireless networks due to their vulnerability to security attacks.
This document discusses collision avoidance mechanisms in wireless ad hoc networks using distributed medium access control (MAC) protocols. It analyzes two main approaches for collision avoidance - out-of-band signaling using a busy tone, and an in-band handshaking approach using request-to-send and clear-to-send messages. The hidden node problem is a major cause of collisions at intermediate nodes in ad hoc networks, so the goal is to reduce collisions and improve transmission reliability. Algorithms for collision avoidance at intermediate nodes are presented for both the out-of-band and in-band approaches.
Wi-Fi, also known as IEEE 802.11, is a set of standards that allow wireless devices to communicate. It operates in various frequency bands including 2.4GHz and 5GHz. Wi-Fi standards have evolved from 2Mbps with 802.11 to 600Mbps with 802.11n. Wi-Fi networks can operate in ad hoc, mesh, or infrastructure modes. Infrastructure mode with an access point is most common in homes and businesses. Wi-Fi uses techniques like CSMA/CA and frequency hopping/direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple devices to share the wireless channel.
This document discusses mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks. It describes how MANETs are self-configuring networks formed by mobile nodes connected wirelessly without any fixed infrastructure. Each node acts as a router to forward packets. Wireless sensor networks are similar but use smart sensor nodes that can sense environmental data and disseminate it through the network. Examples of MANET and sensor network applications include content sharing between devices, industrial plant monitoring, and traffic monitoring. Security challenges in these networks are also discussed.
https://www.ijmst.com/
IJMST Volume 1 Issue 1, Manuscript 4
As the popularity of mobile devices and wireless networks significantly increased over the
past years. The wireless adhoc network has now become one of the most vibrant and active
fields of communication and networking research. These networks are a new generation of
networks offering unrestricted mobility without any underlying infrastructure. As their
principle application is in disastrous environments, security is critical. Various challenges are
faced in the adhoc environment, mostly due to the resource poorness of these networks. One
man confront in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. The
solutions for conventional networks are usually not sufficient to provide efficient adhoc
operations. Just because of its wireless nature of communication and lack of any security
infrastructure raise several security problems and threats.
In this paper, we briefly review the threats an adhoc network faces and the security goals to
be achieved. Moreover, it also presents existing security schemes used in wireless adhoc
networks in order to handle security threats.
This document discusses wireless communications and ad hoc networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless communications, including the generations of wireless technologies and electromagnetic spectrum used. It then covers wireless computer networks, focusing on wireless local area networks (WLANs) and transmission techniques like infrared and spread spectrum. The document explains the IEEE 802.11 standard architecture, including components like access points, basic service sets, and extended service sets. It discusses security issues and considerations for wireless networks. Finally, it defines ad hoc networks as decentralized peer-to-peer networks without a central access point, set up temporarily to meet immediate needs.
EFFECTIVE AND SECURE DATA COMMUNICATION IN WSNs CONSIDERING TRANSFER MODULE O...IJEEE
A Bio-inspired clustering algorithm based on BFO has been proposed and investigation on energy efficient clustering algorithms related to WSNs has been done in this paper. The contribution of this paper related to use of Bacteria foraging algorithm firstly for WSNs for enhancing network lifetime of sensor nodes.
The document discusses implementing a wireless mesh network using IEEE 802.11s at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. It describes the benefits of mesh networks, different mesh network modes, and comparisons with other wireless technologies. It also outlines the hardware and software developed, including antennas, wireless routers, firmware, and traffic monitoring tools used to test and analyze the campus mesh network.
Serial Communication Interface with Error Detectioniosrjce
UART is used for serial data communication. UART is a piece of computer hardware that translates
between parallel bits of data and serial bits. UART is usually an integrated circuit used for serial
communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Bits have to be moved from one place to
another using wires or some other medium. Over many miles, the expense of the wires becomes large. To reduce
the expense of long communication links carrying several bits in parallel, data bits are sent sequentially. Errors
may occur either internally or externally while we transmit information from source to destination. The errors
generated during the transmission would affect the performance of the overall system. In order to reduce the
errors we should incorporate any error detecting schemes like hamming decoder, check parity systems etc.
Different serial communication devices are available.
Repeaters regenerate signals to extend the range of a network at the physical layer. They cannot filter or forward data selectively. Bridges operate at the data link layer and can check the MAC addresses of frames to selectively forward or drop frames. Routers operate at the network layer and use IP addresses and routing tables to optimally forward packets between networks. Switches are like bridges but have multiple ports, examine destination MAC addresses, and can forward frames faster than bridges. Gateways connect different types of networks and perform protocol conversion to allow communication between them.
An overview of contemporary security problems in wireless mesh networksiosrjce
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional
wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an
alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service
providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and
inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to
security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks
have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security
goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new
networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.
Mobile Ad hoc Network is basically a crew of mobile traffic nodes, which figure an effectual dynamic topology and built a resource mannered network. Mobile Ad hoc Networks are exceptional cases of ad hoc networks that, but it is lacking infrastructure, communicating entities pass with various accelerations. For that reason, this impedes or delay lays the foundation of well built end-to-end communication paths. So Mobile Ad-hoc Network having efficient data transfer. In this manner, MANETs have out of the common network concerns and security challenges to get the advanced connectivity, immune communications, and reputation executives systems which have an impact on the trust in cooperation and settlement between mobile networking units. In this survey paper we confer about the security attributes, attacks, and challenges of MANETs.So, it is important to have a better and good formation algorithm to connect all the nodes to each other. There must be less time, low delay time, more battery life, more speeds of packets.
A SURVEY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN WSNIAEME Publication
Wireless sensor networks are harshly restricted by storage capacity, energy and computing power. Wireless Sensor Networks have acquired a lot of attention by research community, manufacturer as well as actual users for monitoring remote trades and how to gather data in different environment. The wireless sensor nodes are especially battery powered devices having life can be extended for some times while long lasting and reliable for maintaining consumption of energy and network lifetime while designs applications and protocols. So it is essential to design effective and energy efficient protocol in order to enhance the network lifetime. In this paper we present the study of different energy efficient communication protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).Then some of the communication protocols which are widely used in WSNs to improve network performance are also discussed advantages and disadvantages of each protocols.
Performance improvement of automated address assignment for path cluster wsn ...IAEME Publication
The document describes a proposed system for improving automated address assignment and routing in path cluster wireless sensor networks (PCC-WSNs). The system includes:
1) A distributed network formation process to partition nodes into clusters and paths and assign identifiers to each group.
2) A two-level address assignment scheme that assigns each node both a level-1 address to identify its path/cluster and a level-2 address within that group, reducing the address space needed.
3) A two-level routing scheme based on the hierarchical addresses, allowing routing with low overhead directly from nodes' addresses.
Simulation results show the proposed system can accurately partition nodes and assign addresses connecting all nodes while using significantly less address
A wireless mesh network (WMN) consists of mesh clients, mesh routers, and gateways organized in a mesh topology. It is self-forming, self-healing, and allows multi-hop connections. In contrast, a wireless ad-hoc network is a decentralized wireless network that does not rely on existing infrastructure and where devices communicate directly with each other without an access point. Key differences are that WMN relies on some fixed infrastructure and supports multi-hop traffic to gateways, while ad-hoc networks are fully infrastructure-independent and support user-to-user traffic. Both utilize various routing protocols for path selection between nodes.
This report is about a functionality in computer that is ad-hoc wireless network which is very suitable for especially university students who have tasks or group activities and discussion about projects so I hope it will be helpful for them but it needs internet and works as alternative of USB.
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) were first developed in the 1970s by DARPA to allow packet radio connections between military terminals without infrastructure. MANETs allow devices to self-configure into a temporary network without centralized administration. They find applications in disaster relief, conferences, and more. Key challenges in MANETs include dynamic topology, limited bandwidth, energy constraints, and scalability issues as more devices join the network. Routing protocols must adapt to frequent changes, while providing quality of service, security, and other functions with distributed control.
This document provides a summary of cellular networks, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the basic architecture and characteristics of each network type, including issues like energy efficiency in WSNs. The document also examines routing protocols and security requirements for each network, such as data confidentiality and integrity. Key differences between the networks are highlighted, with WSNs focusing on sensor communication, cellular networks using fixed base stations, and MANETs being decentralized and mobile.
A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or nodes, maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the vicinity of the node. An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built spontaneously as devices connect.
Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other.
This paper focuses on various issues, architecture and routing protocols in cellular, adhoc and sensor networks. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas
Correlation Associativity b/w Sensor Information Network Architecture & Softw...Iqra khalil
This document summarizes the correlation between sensor information network architecture and software-defined wireless networks. It discusses how software-defined networking aims to make networks more flexible and agile. It also covers several wireless network types including mobile wireless sensor networks, wireless ad hoc networks, mobile ad hoc networks, and vehicular ad hoc networks. The document presents sensor information network architecture and its use of a sensor query and tasking language to programmatically interface with sensor networks.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document summarizes a study on the Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledge (EAACK) scheme for detecting misbehaving nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the limitations of existing acknowledgment-based intrusion detection systems like Watchdog, TWOACK, and AACK in handling receiver collisions. The key issues related to acknowledgment-based schemes for detecting misbehavior in MANETs are addressed. The focus is on analyzing the limitations of acknowledgment approaches like AACK and studying EAACK as an improved approach for addressing receiver collisions in MANETs.
ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF EAVES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL ...ijwmn
In this dynamic world, communication is a sine qua non for development. Communication represents
sharing of information which can be local or remote. Though local communications may occur face to face
between individuals remote communications take place among people over long distances. Mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) are becoming an interesting part of research due to the increasing growth of wireless
devices (laptops, tablets, mobiles etc.) and as well as wireless internet facilities like 4G/Wi-Fi. A MANET
is any infrastructure-less network formed by independent and self-configuring nodes. Each node acts as
router. In order to send data, the source node initiates a routing process by using a routing protocol. The
nature of the wireless medium is always insecure. So, during routing many attacks can take place. The
main objective of an eavesdropper is to grab the confidential information in the network. This secret
information is used by a malicious node to perform further attacks. Here, the entire problem lies in
identifying the eavesdropper because the eavesdropper acts a normal node in the network. In this paper,
we analyzed the impact of eavesdropper while executing an Ad hoc On Demand routing (AODV) protocol
in MANETs. All the simulations are done using QualNet 5.1 network simulator. From the results, it is found
that the network performance degrades in presence of an eavesdropper.
Analyzing the Impact of Eaves on Energy Consumption of AODV Routing Protocol ...ijwmn
The document analyzes the impact of an eavesdropper on the energy consumption of the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Simulations were conducted using the QualNet simulator for 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 nodes. The results show that the presence of an eavesdropper degrades network performance and increases energy consumption compared to the standard AODV protocol. Specifically, throughput was lower, delay and jitter were higher, and transmit energy usage increased in scenarios with an eavesdropper node. The eavesdropper attracts network traffic, forcing nodes to transmit more and reducing overall efficiency.
Black-Hole and Wormhole Attack in Routing Protocol AODV in MANETIJCSEA Journal
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring network that is formed automatically via wireless links by a collection of mobile nodes without the help of a fixed infrastructure or centralized management. The mobile nodes allow communication among the nodes outside the wireless transmission range by hop to hop and the forward packets to each other. Due to dynamic infrastructure-less nature and lack of centralized monitoring points, the ad hoc networks are vulnerable to attacks. The network performance and reliability is break by attacks on ad hoc network routing protocols. AODV is a important on-demand reactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. There is no any security provision against a “BlackvHole” and “Wormhole” attacks in existing AODV protocol. Black hole nodes are those malicious nodes that conform to forward packet to destination. But they do not forward packet intentionally to the destination node. The black hole nodes degrade the performance of network eventually by participating in the network actively. The propose watchdog mechanism detect the black hole nodes in a MANET. This method first detects a black hole attack in the network and then provide a new route to this node. In this, the performance of original AODV and modified AODV in the presence of multiple black hole nodes is find
out on the basis of throughput and packet delivery ratio. In a wormhole attack, intruders tunnel the data from one end of the network to the other, leading distant network nodes to trust they are neighbors’ and making them communicate through the wormhole link.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document describes the simulation and performance evaluation of a wireless ad hoc network using the NS2 simulator. The network uses the AODV routing protocol. 15 nodes were simulated over a 1000m x 800m area for 1000 seconds, with 6 concurrent UDP connections. Packet delivery ratio, throughput, and packet drop ratio were evaluated based on the trace file data. The simulation found a packet delivery ratio of 0.71 and throughput of around 534.19 kbps for the AODV protocol in the simulated network.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks and describes different types of networks. It discusses wired networks, which use cables to connect devices, and wireless networks, which connect devices using radio waves. It also describes mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), which are wireless networks that can be formed between mobile nodes without any infrastructure. MANETs allow nodes to self-configure and connect dynamically, making them suitable for environments where wired networks are not feasible.
This document discusses integrating the internet with mobile ad-hoc networks using an extended version of the AODV routing protocol. It begins with an introduction to mobile ad-hoc networks and their applications. It then discusses challenges in routing for MANETs and existing routing protocols like AODV. It proposes extending the AODV protocol with additional "I-flag" to discover internet gateways. The extended RREQ and RREP messages are described. It then discusses using the Network Simulator 2 to simulate this extended AODV approach with different scenarios connecting wireless and wired networks via 1 or more hops. The goal is to provide internet connectivity for mobile nodes with high packet delivery and low delay.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using Artif...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm to optimize wireless sensor networks (WSN). It begins with an introduction to WSNs, including their topologies, types, limitations, and applications. It then provides details on ABC algorithms and how they can be applied to improve the performance of WSNs by addressing issues like energy efficiency, reliable data transmission, and network lifetime. The document concludes that ABC algorithms have been shown to be effective optimization techniques for complex problems in WSNs.
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are most usefully in current environments. It’s required high performance, networks load and Throughput. In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Routing is the hot topic for research. Basically two types routing protocols are work in the mobile Ad-hoc Networks: 1) Proactive and 2) Reactive. Researchers have projected different routing algorithm. Important work has been done on routing in ad hoc networks, some of the important works so far were the destination-sequence distance vector (DSDV) protocol, the temporally ordered routing protocol (TORA), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) and ad hoc on demand routing protocol (AODV). These algorithms use Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) for find optimum route source to destination.ThesisScientist.com
A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Securityijtsrd
Wireless sensor networks are attracting more and more coverage. A number of surveillance, regulation, and tracking systems have been developed for different scenarios in recent years. Wireless Sensor Network WSN is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks. Vijay Kumar Kalakar | Hirdesh Chack | Syed Tariq Ali "A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31815.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31815/a-review-on-wireless-sensor-network-security/vijay-kumar-kalakar
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) use either radio frequency or infrared transmission to connect devices within a local coverage area and provide internet access through an access point. There are two main network architectures - infrastructure networks with an access point that controls communication, and ad-hoc networks that allow direct communication between nodes without infrastructure. IEEE 802.11 standards define the physical and media access control layers for wireless LANs and allow them to integrate with wired Ethernet networks through bridges.
A Review on - Comparative Study of Issues in Cellular, Sensor and Adhoc Networkscscpconf
A cellular network is an asymmetric radio network which is made up of fixed transceivers or
nodes, maintain the signal while the mobile transceiver which is using the network is in the
vicinity of the node. An ad-hoc network is a local area network (LAN) that is built
spontaneously as devices connect.
Instead of relying on a base station to coordinate the flow of messages to each node in the
network, the individual network nodes forward packets to and from each other.
This paper focuses on various issues in cellular, adhoc and sensor network. As issues proves helpful for forthcoming research, this paper work as a backbone to elaborate the various research areas.
This document discusses implementing agricultural applications using wireless sensor networks and securing the data transmission with AES encryption. It describes how sensor nodes can monitor parameters like temperature and water levels to provide useful data for irrigation management. The network uses Zigbee technology for low power wireless communication between nodes that transmit data to a base station. The document outlines various attacks on wireless sensor networks and emphasizes the importance of security. It proposes using AES encryption and unique PAN IDs for each node to secure the wireless transmission of sensed data in the agricultural applications. Experimental results from temperature and water level sensors are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring fields wirelessly for irrigation scheduling.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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