Wireless sensor networks are attracting more and more coverage. A number of surveillance, regulation, and tracking systems have been developed for different scenarios in recent years. Wireless Sensor Network WSN is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks. Vijay Kumar Kalakar | Hirdesh Chack | Syed Tariq Ali "A Review on Wireless Sensor Network Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31815.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/31815/a-review-on-wireless-sensor-network-security/vijay-kumar-kalakar
Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocolijtsrd
This Paper gives information about Grid base multipath wireless sensor network. We give a brief introduction about wireless sensor network, how sensor works in this network. How the Routing is done and if there is congestion detected in sensors networks and then how it can be solved. Routing protocols are also classified in several types like Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid in also given here the details of that. Also here we describe various routing techniques like Traditional and Current techniques. In flooding based techniques, sensor broadcast the information and the destination sensor receives that information. In gossiping techniques, sensor sends information to neighbor sensor and so on. In this paper we also see that if any sensor id dies due to lack of power or any other problems then another path will be routed. Routing protocols are having 3 types Flat routing, Hierarchical routing and Location based routing. In Flat routing SPIN,DD, Rumor routing, etc protocols are used. In hierarchical routing LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN protocols are used. Now a day LEACH and PEGASIS are widely used in cluster base Wireless Sensor Network. In leach protocol reduced the path using cluster head formulation in this method randomly any sensor make the cluster head n send messages in the network. In pegasis protocol use chaining concept and find the best path from base station to the destination station. PEGASIS and LEACH provide best routing techniques in wireless sensor network but they also have some disadvantages. We also differentiate flat and hierarchical routing techniques in which case which one gives best performances. Here we introduce the readers to Location based routing protocols GEAR and how it route the path is also briefly described here. Dr. Atul M Gosai | Lakshdeep M Raval"Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd72.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/72/grid-based-multipath-with-congestion-avoidance-routing-protocol/dr-atul-m-gosai
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Wireless ad hoc networks are autonomous nodes that communicate with each other in a
decentralized manner through multi hop radio network. Wireless nodes form a dynamic network
topology and communicate with each other directly without wireless access point. Wireless networks
are particularly vulnerable to intrusions, as they operate in open medium, and use cooperative
strategies for network communication.
Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocolijtsrd
This Paper gives information about Grid base multipath wireless sensor network. We give a brief introduction about wireless sensor network, how sensor works in this network. How the Routing is done and if there is congestion detected in sensors networks and then how it can be solved. Routing protocols are also classified in several types like Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid in also given here the details of that. Also here we describe various routing techniques like Traditional and Current techniques. In flooding based techniques, sensor broadcast the information and the destination sensor receives that information. In gossiping techniques, sensor sends information to neighbor sensor and so on. In this paper we also see that if any sensor id dies due to lack of power or any other problems then another path will be routed. Routing protocols are having 3 types Flat routing, Hierarchical routing and Location based routing. In Flat routing SPIN,DD, Rumor routing, etc protocols are used. In hierarchical routing LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN protocols are used. Now a day LEACH and PEGASIS are widely used in cluster base Wireless Sensor Network. In leach protocol reduced the path using cluster head formulation in this method randomly any sensor make the cluster head n send messages in the network. In pegasis protocol use chaining concept and find the best path from base station to the destination station. PEGASIS and LEACH provide best routing techniques in wireless sensor network but they also have some disadvantages. We also differentiate flat and hierarchical routing techniques in which case which one gives best performances. Here we introduce the readers to Location based routing protocols GEAR and how it route the path is also briefly described here. Dr. Atul M Gosai | Lakshdeep M Raval"Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd72.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/72/grid-based-multipath-with-congestion-avoidance-routing-protocol/dr-atul-m-gosai
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Wireless ad hoc networks are autonomous nodes that communicate with each other in a
decentralized manner through multi hop radio network. Wireless nodes form a dynamic network
topology and communicate with each other directly without wireless access point. Wireless networks
are particularly vulnerable to intrusions, as they operate in open medium, and use cooperative
strategies for network communication.
Nowadays, managing for optimal security to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has emerged as an active research area. The challenging topics in this active research involve various issues such as energy consumption, routing algorithms, selection of sensors location according to a given premise, robustness, and efficiency. Despite the open problems in WSNs, already a high number of applications available show the activeness of emerging research in this area. Through this paper, authors propose an alternative routing algorithmic approach that accelerate the existing algorithms in sense to develop a power-efficient crypto system to provide the desired level of security on a smaller footprint, while maintaining real-time performance and mapping them to customized hardware. To achieve this goal, the algorithms have been first analyzed and then profiled to recognize their computational structure that is to be mapped into hardware accelerators in platform of reconfigurable computing devices. An intensive set of experiments have been conducted and the obtained results show that the performance of the proposed architecture based on algorithms implementation outperforms the software implementation running on contemporary CPU in terms of the power consumption and throughput.
Concepts and evolution of research in the field of wireless sensor networksIJCNCJournal
The field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is experiencing a resurgence of interest and a continuous evolution in the scientific and industrial community. The use of this particular type of ad hoc network is becoming increasingly important in many contexts, regardless of geographical position and so, according to a set of possible application. WSNs offer interesting low cost and easily deployable solutions to perform a remote real time monitoring, target tracking and recognition of physical phenomenon. The uses of these sensors organized into a network continue to reveal a set of research questions according to particularities target applications. Despite difficulties introduced by sensor resources constraints, research contributions in this field are growing day by day. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of most recent literature of WSNs and outline open research issues in this field.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of a set of resource constrained devices called nodes that communicate wirelessly with each other. Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key application in number of technologies. It also measures the unit of vulnerability to security threats. Several Protocols are projected to make them secure. Some of the protocols within the sensor network specialize in securing data. These protocols are named as data discovery and dissemination protocols. The data discovery and dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks are utilized for distributing management commands and altering configuration parameters to the sensor nodes. All existing data discovery and dissemination protocols primarily suffer from two drawbacks. Basically, they are support centralized approach (only single station can distribute data item).This approach is not suitable for multiple owner-multiple users. Second, the protocols are not designed with security in mind. This Paper proposes the first distributed knowledge discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip which is safer than the existing one. The protocol permits multiple owners to authorize many network users with altogether totally different priorities to at an equivalent time and directly flow into data items to sensor nodes.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Wireless sensor networks are made up of number of tiny mobile nodes, which
have the capability of computation, sensing and wireless network communication. The
energy efficiency of each node in such kind of networks is one of the important issues under
consideration. Thus for these networks, sensor nodes life time is basically depends on use of
routing protocols for routing operations in WSN. There are various routing protocols
proposed by different researchers, which are considered as efficient on the basis of
performance of network lifetime and energy scavenging. There are different routing
protocols introduced for WSN such as flat routing protocols, clustering routing protocols,
hierarchical routing protocols etc. On the other hand, there are basically two types of
WSNs, homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks. As WSN is vulnerable to different
types of security threats, there are many security methods presented with their own
advantages and disadvantages. Most of security methods are applied only on homogeneous
WSN, but recently some methods were presented to provide the routing security in
heterogeneous WSNs as well. In this paper, the different security threats and Intrusions in
WSNs are presented, with review of different security methods.
OPTIMIZING SMART THINGS ADDRESSING THROUGH THE ZIGBEE-BASED INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Devices are becoming increasingly interconnected; linked with each other and with humans. The internet
of things(IoT) concept is currently used in machine to machine (M2M) applications like power, gas, and oil
utilities transmission and transport. The most profound challenge that IoT faces is how to connect several
very different devices into a network of things. In this regard, the standard for sending information between
devices supporting IoT is called ZigBee, also known as the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard: ZigBee is
indispensable to the functioning of the IoT. In this paper, OPNET has been used to simulate two quite
differently scaled Wireless Sensor Network environments. The two environments had quite different ZigBee
topologies; thus, an analysis of the performance in regard to each topology could be made. We
propose,ZigBee as optional addressing method for smart-things making up the smart world which
facilitates the transmission and analysis of data automatically.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
WSN is a way of handling dangerous and hostile environments safely. It replaces human existence with nodes and units that could sustain its existence under extreme circumstances. The significance of WSN arises from the importance of the data gathered through its nodes. Due to the fact of WSN that it is open air environment, security issues must be considered, for example authentication of new units and the encryption of data transmitted between these units. This research provides a new model covering two important aspects in WSN. The first aspect is the creation of the key that will be used for the current session between a pair of nodes. In this step the research introduces the intuitionistic fuzzy sets to handle the WSN criteria simultaneously and efficiently, in order to decide the exact key length required depending on the status of the network parameters. The second aspect is the distribution of the key between the units desiring communications. This phase starts by authenticating each entity to each other and to the cluster head, then one unit suggests a key and the other one confirms. It then starts communication using that key. This phase shows the hybrid cryptography applied in which the algorithm uses asymmetric encryption for authentication then uses symmetric encryption to secure the connection between the two units. Experimental results in this research could categorized also into two classes. The first class is key size model in which the proposed model compared to ordinary KNN and fuzzy model related to the determination of the key size. The proposed model shows an overall efficient way relating to decide the key size. The second class of experiments is to distribute the intermediate key efficiently; at this point the proposed model shows resilience and efficiency compared to distributing the key directly through cluster head.
Wireless Sensor Network Protocol with PEGASIS GA to Enhance the Network Lifetimeijtsrd
This paper discusses the need for energy efficient communication in wireless sensor networks and identifies the key energy dissipation sources as well as countermeasures to ensure a long lifetime of the network. In remote and dangerous settings, wireless sensor networks can collect trustworthy and reliable information and can be used in national defence, military affairs, industrial control, traffic management, medical care, smart home, etc. The sensor whose resources are reserved is low cost and relies on the battery to supply energy, so it is necessary to use its power efficiently for routing. In this research work, first we use the greedy chain to implement the LEACH and PEGASIS Protocol and then we use the Genetic Algorithm to construct the data routing chain, which uses its parameters of crossover and mutation and finds an optimised data collection routing route. For the same number of nodes, the Genetic Algorithm increases the network lifespan. Simulations are performed and, on the basis of energy consumption and number of rounds, the effects of PEGASIS and Genetic Algorithm are compared with each other. Dipak Prasad Poudel | Preeti Sondhi "Wireless Sensor Network Protocol with PEGASIS (GA) to Enhance the Network Lifetime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38645.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/38645/wireless-sensor-network-protocol-with-pegasis-ga-to-enhance-the-network-lifetime/dipak-prasad-poudel
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
Data Security and Data Dissemination of Distributed Data in Wireless Sensor N...IJERA Editor
A data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks has been engaged for modifying configuration fields and circulating management controls to the mote. Earlier, a data dissemination protocol faces the henceforth two consequences. First, they are works on sink based model; only the sink can circulate data item to other motes. Such model is not suitable for large user wireless sensor networks. Second, those protocols are not provide with any security and hence intruders will make problems to misuse the network. We provided the seDrip protocol. It allows the network mentors to authorize multiple network uses with various permissions to simultaneously and directly distributed data items to the mote. seDrip is implemented in an laboratory of network restricted resources mote to depict its large capability in practice.
An Efficient Security Way of Authentication and Pair wise Key Distribution wi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its SecurityIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks and its security which are characterized by severely constrained computational and energy resources, and an ad hoc operational environment. The paper first introduces sensor networks, and discusses security issues and goals along with security problems, threats, and risks in sensor networks. It describes crippling attacks against all of them and suggests countermeasures and design considerations. It gives a brief introduction of proposed security protocol SPINS whose building blocks are SNEP and μTESLA which overcome all the important security threats and problems and achieves security goals like data confidentiality, freshness, authentication in order to provide a secure Wireless Sensor Network
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networkpijans
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
Nowadays, managing for optimal security to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has emerged as an active research area. The challenging topics in this active research involve various issues such as energy consumption, routing algorithms, selection of sensors location according to a given premise, robustness, and efficiency. Despite the open problems in WSNs, already a high number of applications available show the activeness of emerging research in this area. Through this paper, authors propose an alternative routing algorithmic approach that accelerate the existing algorithms in sense to develop a power-efficient crypto system to provide the desired level of security on a smaller footprint, while maintaining real-time performance and mapping them to customized hardware. To achieve this goal, the algorithms have been first analyzed and then profiled to recognize their computational structure that is to be mapped into hardware accelerators in platform of reconfigurable computing devices. An intensive set of experiments have been conducted and the obtained results show that the performance of the proposed architecture based on algorithms implementation outperforms the software implementation running on contemporary CPU in terms of the power consumption and throughput.
Concepts and evolution of research in the field of wireless sensor networksIJCNCJournal
The field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is experiencing a resurgence of interest and a continuous evolution in the scientific and industrial community. The use of this particular type of ad hoc network is becoming increasingly important in many contexts, regardless of geographical position and so, according to a set of possible application. WSNs offer interesting low cost and easily deployable solutions to perform a remote real time monitoring, target tracking and recognition of physical phenomenon. The uses of these sensors organized into a network continue to reveal a set of research questions according to particularities target applications. Despite difficulties introduced by sensor resources constraints, research contributions in this field are growing day by day. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of most recent literature of WSNs and outline open research issues in this field.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of a set of resource constrained devices called nodes that communicate wirelessly with each other. Wireless Sensor Networks have become a key application in number of technologies. It also measures the unit of vulnerability to security threats. Several Protocols are projected to make them secure. Some of the protocols within the sensor network specialize in securing data. These protocols are named as data discovery and dissemination protocols. The data discovery and dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks are utilized for distributing management commands and altering configuration parameters to the sensor nodes. All existing data discovery and dissemination protocols primarily suffer from two drawbacks. Basically, they are support centralized approach (only single station can distribute data item).This approach is not suitable for multiple owner-multiple users. Second, the protocols are not designed with security in mind. This Paper proposes the first distributed knowledge discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip which is safer than the existing one. The protocol permits multiple owners to authorize many network users with altogether totally different priorities to at an equivalent time and directly flow into data items to sensor nodes.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
Wireless sensor networks are made up of number of tiny mobile nodes, which
have the capability of computation, sensing and wireless network communication. The
energy efficiency of each node in such kind of networks is one of the important issues under
consideration. Thus for these networks, sensor nodes life time is basically depends on use of
routing protocols for routing operations in WSN. There are various routing protocols
proposed by different researchers, which are considered as efficient on the basis of
performance of network lifetime and energy scavenging. There are different routing
protocols introduced for WSN such as flat routing protocols, clustering routing protocols,
hierarchical routing protocols etc. On the other hand, there are basically two types of
WSNs, homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks. As WSN is vulnerable to different
types of security threats, there are many security methods presented with their own
advantages and disadvantages. Most of security methods are applied only on homogeneous
WSN, but recently some methods were presented to provide the routing security in
heterogeneous WSNs as well. In this paper, the different security threats and Intrusions in
WSNs are presented, with review of different security methods.
OPTIMIZING SMART THINGS ADDRESSING THROUGH THE ZIGBEE-BASED INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Devices are becoming increasingly interconnected; linked with each other and with humans. The internet
of things(IoT) concept is currently used in machine to machine (M2M) applications like power, gas, and oil
utilities transmission and transport. The most profound challenge that IoT faces is how to connect several
very different devices into a network of things. In this regard, the standard for sending information between
devices supporting IoT is called ZigBee, also known as the IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard: ZigBee is
indispensable to the functioning of the IoT. In this paper, OPNET has been used to simulate two quite
differently scaled Wireless Sensor Network environments. The two environments had quite different ZigBee
topologies; thus, an analysis of the performance in regard to each topology could be made. We
propose,ZigBee as optional addressing method for smart-things making up the smart world which
facilitates the transmission and analysis of data automatically.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
WSN is a way of handling dangerous and hostile environments safely. It replaces human existence with nodes and units that could sustain its existence under extreme circumstances. The significance of WSN arises from the importance of the data gathered through its nodes. Due to the fact of WSN that it is open air environment, security issues must be considered, for example authentication of new units and the encryption of data transmitted between these units. This research provides a new model covering two important aspects in WSN. The first aspect is the creation of the key that will be used for the current session between a pair of nodes. In this step the research introduces the intuitionistic fuzzy sets to handle the WSN criteria simultaneously and efficiently, in order to decide the exact key length required depending on the status of the network parameters. The second aspect is the distribution of the key between the units desiring communications. This phase starts by authenticating each entity to each other and to the cluster head, then one unit suggests a key and the other one confirms. It then starts communication using that key. This phase shows the hybrid cryptography applied in which the algorithm uses asymmetric encryption for authentication then uses symmetric encryption to secure the connection between the two units. Experimental results in this research could categorized also into two classes. The first class is key size model in which the proposed model compared to ordinary KNN and fuzzy model related to the determination of the key size. The proposed model shows an overall efficient way relating to decide the key size. The second class of experiments is to distribute the intermediate key efficiently; at this point the proposed model shows resilience and efficiency compared to distributing the key directly through cluster head.
Wireless Sensor Network Protocol with PEGASIS GA to Enhance the Network Lifetimeijtsrd
This paper discusses the need for energy efficient communication in wireless sensor networks and identifies the key energy dissipation sources as well as countermeasures to ensure a long lifetime of the network. In remote and dangerous settings, wireless sensor networks can collect trustworthy and reliable information and can be used in national defence, military affairs, industrial control, traffic management, medical care, smart home, etc. The sensor whose resources are reserved is low cost and relies on the battery to supply energy, so it is necessary to use its power efficiently for routing. In this research work, first we use the greedy chain to implement the LEACH and PEGASIS Protocol and then we use the Genetic Algorithm to construct the data routing chain, which uses its parameters of crossover and mutation and finds an optimised data collection routing route. For the same number of nodes, the Genetic Algorithm increases the network lifespan. Simulations are performed and, on the basis of energy consumption and number of rounds, the effects of PEGASIS and Genetic Algorithm are compared with each other. Dipak Prasad Poudel | Preeti Sondhi "Wireless Sensor Network Protocol with PEGASIS (GA) to Enhance the Network Lifetime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38645.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/38645/wireless-sensor-network-protocol-with-pegasis-ga-to-enhance-the-network-lifetime/dipak-prasad-poudel
Intrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems Using NICE ...IJERA Editor
The cloud computing has increased in many organizations. It provides many benefits in terms of low cost and accessibility of data. Ensuring the security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud computing environment, as users often store sensitive information with cloud storage providers but these providers may be untrusted. In this project we propose anIntrusion Detection and Countermeasure in Virtual Network Systems mechanism called NICE to prevent vulnerable virtual machines from being compromised in the cloud. NICE detects and mitigates collaborative attacks in the cloud virtual networking environment. The system performance evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of NICE and shows that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the risk of the cloud system from being exploited and abused by internal and external attackers.
Data Security and Data Dissemination of Distributed Data in Wireless Sensor N...IJERA Editor
A data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks has been engaged for modifying configuration fields and circulating management controls to the mote. Earlier, a data dissemination protocol faces the henceforth two consequences. First, they are works on sink based model; only the sink can circulate data item to other motes. Such model is not suitable for large user wireless sensor networks. Second, those protocols are not provide with any security and hence intruders will make problems to misuse the network. We provided the seDrip protocol. It allows the network mentors to authorize multiple network uses with various permissions to simultaneously and directly distributed data items to the mote. seDrip is implemented in an laboratory of network restricted resources mote to depict its large capability in practice.
An Efficient Security Way of Authentication and Pair wise Key Distribution wi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks and Its SecurityIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks and its security which are characterized by severely constrained computational and energy resources, and an ad hoc operational environment. The paper first introduces sensor networks, and discusses security issues and goals along with security problems, threats, and risks in sensor networks. It describes crippling attacks against all of them and suggests countermeasures and design considerations. It gives a brief introduction of proposed security protocol SPINS whose building blocks are SNEP and μTESLA which overcome all the important security threats and problems and achieves security goals like data confidentiality, freshness, authentication in order to provide a secure Wireless Sensor Network
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Survey on Security Issues to Detect Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networkpijans
Sensor nodes, when deployed to form Wireless sensor network operating under control of central authority
i.e. Base station are capable of exhibiting interesting applications due to their ability to be deployed
ubiquitously in hostile & pervasive environments. But due to same reason security is becoming a major
concern for these networks. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable against various types of external and
internal attacks being limited by computation resources, smaller memory capacity, limited battery life,
processing power & lack of tamper resistant packaging. This survey paper is an attempt to analyze threats
to Wireless sensor networks and to report various research efforts in studying variety of routing attacks
which target the network layer. Particularly devastating attack is Wormhole attack- a Denial of Service
attack, where attackers create a low-latency link between two points in the network. With focus on survey of
existing methods of detecting Wormhole attacks, researchers are in process to identify and demarcate the
key research challenges for detection of Wormhole attacks in network layer.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising field for research. As the use of this field increases, it is
required to give proper security to this field. So to ensure the security of communication of data or messages and to
control the use of data in WSN is of great importance. As sensor networks interact with responsive data and operate
in unfriendly unattended area, from the time of system design these security concerns should be addressed. The paper,
presents a modified Motesec security protocol which is a security mechanism for Wireless sensor network. In this
protocol a hash function based approach is used to detect replay attacks. For data access control key lock matching
method i.e. memory data access control policy is used to prevent unauthorized data access. Encoding and
reconstruction scheme is used to find out attacker. Flooding attack detection by comparing data rate. There is currently
massive research is present in the area of wireless sensor network security..Keywords: GPS,GCM,LBS Android.
Keywords: secure communication architecture, wireless Sensor network security.
A Review Paper on Energy Capable Routing in Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
This day’s wireless sensor networks draw the attention of researchers more due to their admired applications in environment monitoring systems, radiation uses and nuclear threat detection applications weapon sensors for ships battlefield reconnaissance and surveillance military power, control mechanism, intelligence centre, communications and targeting systems and biomedical applications. Wireless sensor network provides cheap cost solution to various world problems. Sensors are low cost devices with limited storage, computational power systems. Several security mechanisms for sensor network must be energy efficient as security is the major concerned when they will be used in large scale as sensors have limited power and computational capability and should not be computational intensive. In this review paper we study the various energy efficient secure routing methods for WSN. Prof. Pooja | Prof. Sakena Benazer. S | Prof. Ajay Kumar "A Review Paper on Energy Capable Routing in Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49546.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49546/a-review-paper-on-energy-capable-routing-in-wireless-sensor-network/prof-pooja
Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Networkijtsrd
Efficient design and implementation of wireless sensor networks has become a hot area of research in recent years, due to the vast potential of sensor networks to enable applications that connect the physical world to the virtual world. By networking large numbers of tiny sensor nodes, it is possible to obtain data about physical phenomena that was difficult or impossible to obtain in more conventional ways. In future as advances in micro-fabrication technology allow the cost of manufacturing sensor nodes to continue to drop, increasing deployments of wireless sensor networks are expected, with the networks eventually growing to large numbers of nodes.Potential applications for such large-scale wireless sensor networks exist in a variety of fields, including medical monitoring, environmental monitoring, surveillance, home security, military operations, and industrial machine monitoring etc. G. Swarnalatha | R. Srilalitha"Design Issues and Applications of Wireless Sensor Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd4688.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/4688/design-issues-and-applications-of-wireless-sensor-network/g-swarnalatha
Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by using Bellman-Ford Rou...journalBEEI
Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool.
This article presents a study of the state of the art of sensor networks wireless systems, which continue to develop and present a wide variety of Applications. These networks constitute a current and emerging field of study where combines the development of computers, wireless communications and devices mobile phones and integration with other disciplines such as agriculture, biology, medicine, etc. I know presents the main concept, components, topologies, standards, applications, problems and challenges, then delves into security solutions and concludes with basic simulation tools.
Wireless Sensor Network – Theoretical Findings and ApplicationsAshishDPatel1
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of tiny sensor nodes scattered on a relatively large geographical area. The nodes are cooperative in nature, that is, they can communication with one another or to a central control unit. The work of each such node is to collect the information from surrounding like pressure, temperature, humidity, magnetic fields, optical fields etc [2]. Actually they are ad hoc network with some additional constraints. The node should be capable enough for power consumption, collection of data, self healing, mobility, self configuration to name a few. These features of WSN node differentiate it from conventional ad hoc networks [14]. This survey paper aims at reporting wireless sensor network, its design, networking of nodes, and security in system. In this paper, fundamentals of wireless sensor network are discussed. Different component like sensor, microcontroller, battery require for sensor networks are explained in detail. We have tried to include all the aspects of WSN. The Protocols, Operating Systems, tools require for WSN node programming and some security issues are also discussed.
Even in difficult places to reach, the new networking technique allows the easy deployment of sensor networks although these wireless sensor networks confront a lot of constraints. The major constraint is related to the quality of information sent by the network. The wireless sensor networks use different methods to achieve data to the base station. Data aggregation is an important one, used by these wireless sensor networks. But this aggregated data can be subject to several types of attacks and provides security is necessary to resist against malicious attacks, secure communication between severely resource constrained sensor nodes while maintaining the flexibility of the topology changes. Recently, several secure data aggregation schemes have been proposed for wireless sensor networks, it provides better security compared with traditional aggregation. In this paper, we try to focus on giving a brief statement of the various approaches used for the purpose of secure data aggregation in wireless sensor networks.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The interaction between sensors takes place with wireless transceivers in the case of a wireless sensor network. Numerous
scholars focused on different problems relevant to these forms of networks owing to the enticing characteristics of wireless
sensor networks. Although routing approaches and the simulation of wireless sensors for networks are becoming a major
concern, the safety issues are not yet completely addressed. Throughout this article, we address protection concerns and
threats for wireless sensor networks of the next decade and explore the main criteria for comprehensive analysis [7].
II. STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
The Wireless Sensor Network structure consists of different radio communications networktopologies.Thefollowingisashort
discussion of the network topologies applicable to wireless sensor networks [5, 6]:
Star network (Single point-to – multipoint)
A star network isa topology forcommunication thatcan be sent and/or received from a single station tocertainremotenodes.
You cannot send messages to each other via remote nodes. This form of network has the benefit of being quick, enabling the
remote node to retain a minimal energy consumption. Low latency communication between the remote node and the base
station is also possible. The downside of such a network is that it needs to be inside the radio propagation spectrum of all
specific nodes and not as reliable as other networks because of the need to control the network on a single node.
Mesh Network
A mesh network can transmit data to a nodewithin the radio transmission range ofa network. Thisenableswhatisregardedas
multi-hop contact, i.e., to be done by an intermediary node where a node wants to transmita message toanothernodewhichis
not inside the radio transmission range. Redundancy and scalability benefit from this network topology. If a node fails, any
other node within its rangecan still be communicated by a distance node, whichcan transmission the message to therequired
place.
Hybrid Star-Mesh Network
A hybrid between the star and the mesh network offers the communication network to be robust and versatile whilst
maintaining the ability to minimize the power consumption of wireless sensors. The lowest power sensor nodes are not
capable of forwarding messages in this network topology. This ensures a minimum energy consumption. However, there are
other nodes in the network that can be transferred from low power nodes to other nodes on the network with multihop
capabilities [8].
III. STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NODE
Four fundamentalcomponents suchas the sensor unit, processor unit, transceiver unit and power unit shown inthefigureare
presented at a sensor Node. There are additional components dependent on applications such as a location search system, a
power generator and a mobilizer. Two sub-units: sensors,and digitalconverter analog (ADCs) are usually made up of sensing
units [9].
Figure 2 Components of a sensor node
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Figure 3 Functional block diagram of a sensor node
The sensors convert analog signals into digital signals through ADC and then relay them intothetreatmentunit.Theprocessing
unit is usually linked to a small storage unit andcan manage the processes by which the sensor node workswithothernodesto
perform tasks. The network node is attached to a transceiver array. The control generator is one of the key components of a
sensor node. A power-scavenging unit, such as solar cells, can support power units. The remaining sub-units of the node
depend on the application [10].
IV. SECURITY ISSUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Many security risks and assaults in wireless networks are much like their wired equivalent, though others have wireless
networking included. Wireless networks are generally more vulnerable to differentsecuritythreatssincetheunguidedmedium
is more vulnerable to safety attacks than the guided medium. A simple eavesdropper candidate is the radio nature ofwireless
communication. In most cases, different security issues and threats associated with the wireless ad-hoc networks that we
consider also apply to wireless sensor networks.
While the ad-hoc networks are self-organized, decentralized topology, the peer-to - peer networks that comprise a group of
mobile nodes and the centralized entity is not available; the networks witha wireless sensor may include a command node or
base station (central entity often referred to as a sink). Thebigchallenge, however, is caused by theresourcelimitationofsmall
sensors [7, 8].
WSNs are vulnerable against so many attacks. Attackers can attack the radio transmission; add their own data bits to the
channel, replay old packets and any other type of attack. A secure network ought to support all security properties. Attackers
may deploy some malicious nodes in the network with similar capabilities as of normal node or may overwrite the memoryof
normal deployed node by capturing them.
Attacks in wireless sensor network are shown in Figure 4. They are roughly categorized as follows: A) Based on Routing B)
Based on Capability C) Based on Protocol Layer.
Figure 4 Attack classification in WSN
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4.1. Based on Capability
The attacks can be categorized on the basis of the source of
the attacks i.e. Internal or External, and on the behavior of
the attack i.e. Passive or Active attack. This classification is
important because the attacker can exploit the network
either as internal, external or/ as well as active or passive
attack against the network.
External attackers are mainly outside the networks who
want to getaccess to the network and once they getaccessto
the network they start sending bogus packets, denial of
service in order to disrupt the performance of the whole
network. This attack is same, like the attacks that are made
against wired network. These attacks can be prevented by
implementing security measures suchasfirewall, where the
access of unauthorized person to the network can be
mitigated.
While in internal attack the attacker wants to have normal
access to the network as well as participate in the normal
activities of the network. The attacker gain access in the
network as new node either by compromising a current
node in the network or by malicious impersonationandstart
its malicious behavior. Internal attack ismore severeattacks
then external attacks.
When the attacker disrupts the performance of the network,
steal important information and try to destroy the data
during the exchange in the network. Active attacks can an
internal or an external attack. The active attacks are meant
to destroy the performance of network in such case the
active attack act as internal node in the network.
Being an active part of the network it is easy for the node to
exploit and hijack any internal node to use it to introduce
bogus packets injection or denial of service. This attack
brings the attacker in strong position where attacker can
modify, fabricate and replays the massages. Attackers in
passive attacks do not disrupt the normal operations of the
network. In Passive attack, the attacker listen to network in
order to get information, what is going on in the network? It
listens to the network in order to know and understandhow
the nodes are communicatingwith each other, how they are
located in the network. Before the attacker launch an attack
against the network, the attacker has enough information
about the network that it can easily hijack and inject attack
in the network.
4.2. Based on Protocol Layer
WSN is divided into different layers. The working of each
layer is different. The attacks on the basis of protocol layers
are explained below:
A. Physical Layer
Physical layer is used for transmitting information in raw
bits over the wireless or wired medium. It is easy to jam a
common radio signal. In general, physical layer attacks are
categorized as: Eavesdropping, Tampering and Jamming. In
eavesdropping attack, an unauthorized receiver reads the
messages. Jammingattack implements underDoSattack.Itis
the interference with the radio frequency used by the
network nodes. This completely changes the working of
network.
B. Link Layer
Data link layer is utilized to ensure the proper
communication on physical layer between nodes. This layer
is incharge ofmultiplexing, error detection, packetscollision
prevention, repeated transmission of data and so on. Link-
layer threats include collisions, interrogation, and packet
replay. Error detection and correcting codes can be used to
decrease the number of collisions but due to this the routing
overhead in the network is increased. Another connection
layer danger to WSNs is the denial-of-sleep attack, in which
node is unable to go to into the sleep mode. This decreases
the whole network lifetime.
C. Network Layer
For the data routing between nodes, nodes to sink, node to
BS, node to CH, and vice versa, this layer is responsible. A
direct attack on Routing protocols by the attackers can have
impact on network data traffic, indulge themselves into the
data path between the source and destination, and by this
control the data flow. Thisinfers that effective and powerful
routing protocols are required to manage node failure and
security attacks. Some routing protocol attacks are:
wormhole attacks, acknowledgement spoofing, selective
forwarding, black holes and so forth.
D. Transport Layer
Transport Layer isutilized to build upa communication link
for outer sensor network joined with the internet. This can
be considered as the most complex issue in WSNs. Attacksof
the transport layer protocol are flooding and
desynchronization. Flooding attack is used to deplete the
node's memory by sending numerous requests for
connection establishment. In the de-synchronization attack,
the attacker node forges packets to at least one or both ends
of a connection using different sequence numbers on the
packets. In this way, host requests for retransmission of the
missed packet frames.
V. SECURITY PROTOCOLS IN SENSOR NETWORKS
Cryptography isa basic technique to achieve thesecurityina
network. This establishesa secure relationshipbetweentwo
end points. In this, sender encrypts the original data and
receiver decrypts the received data to obtain an original
data. Different types of keys are used in the process of
cryptography. The various protocols that are proposed by
different authors for solving the security issue in WSN are:
A. SPINs
SPIN (Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation)
protocol works in three steps. First, a node advertises the
ADV packet containing the metadata. If the received node is
interested in the data then it sends the request fordatausing
REQ packet. Finally, the advertiser node after receiving
request sends the DATA packet to the requestor node. It
performs best in small size networks because ofitsefficiency
and high latency properties. Typical SPIN consists of two
secure building blocks named as μTESLA (Timed Efficient
Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication) and SNEP (Sensor
Network Encryption Protocol).
SNEP provides confidentiality, authentication and integrity.
It uses the concept of encryption. To authenticate the data,
MAC (Message authentication Code) is used. It adds 8 bytes
to the message. To reduce the communication overhead,
SNEP uses a shared counter between sender node and
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receiver node. After each block counter gets incremented.
Counter helps in identifying the freshness of data. In TESLA,
digital signatures are used to authenticate the data packet.
Sink node computes a MAC on the packet after receiving the
packet with the secret key to send an authenticated packet
back to source. After receiving a packet, node confirms that
the sink does not disclose the computed MAC key to other
nodes. With this, receiving node assures that data packet is
original and no alterations are done in the packet.
B. LEAP
LEAP (Localized Encryptionand Authentication Protocol)is
a protocol with key management scheme that is very
efficient with its security mechanisms used for large scale
distributed sensor networks. It generally supports forinside
network processing such as data aggregation. In-network
processing results in reduction of the energyconsumptionin
network. To provide the confidentiality and authentication
to the data packet, LEAP uses multiple keys mechanism. For
each node four keys are used knownas individual, pair wise,
cluster and group key. All are symmetric keys and use as
follows:
Individual Key: It is the unique key used for the
communication between source node and thesinknode.
Pair wise Key: It is shared with another sensor nodes.
Cluster Key: It is used for locally broadcast messages
and shares it between the node and all its surrounding
neighboring nodes.
Group Key: globally shared key used by all the network
nodes
These keys can also be used by other non-secured protocols
to increase the network security. LEAP is satisfies several
security and performance requirements of WSN. LEAP is
used to defend against HELLO Floods Attack, Sybil Attack
and Wormhole Attack.
C. TINYSEC
TINYSEC is link layer security architecture for WSNs. It is a
lightweight protocol. It supports integrity, confidentiality
and authentication. Toachieve confidentiality, encryptionis
done by using CBC (Cipher-blockchaining)modewithcipher
text stealing, and authentication is done using CBC-MAC. No
counters are used in TINYSEC. Hence, it doesn’t check the
data freshness. Authorized senders and receivers share a
secret key to compute a MAC. TINYSEC has two different
security options. One is for authenticated and encrypted
messages (TinySec-AE) and another is for authenticated
messages (TinySec-Auth).In TinySec-AE, the data payloadis
encrypted and the received data packet isauthenticatedwith
a MAC. In TinySec-Auth mode, the entire packet is
authenticated with a MAC, but on the other hand the data
payload is not encrypted.
In CBC, Initialization Vector (IV) is used to achieve semantic
security. Some of the messages are same with only little
variation. In that case IV adds the variation to the encrypted
process. To decrypt the message receiver must use the IV.
IVs are not secret and are included in the same packet with
the encrypted data.
D. ZIGBEE
ZIGBEEisa typicalwireless communication technology. Itis
used in various applications such as military security, home
automation and environment monitoring. IEEE 802.15.4isa
standard used for ZIGBEE. It supports data confidentiality
and integrity. To implement the security mechanismZIGBEE
uses 128 bit keys. A trust center is used in ZIGBEE which
authenticates and allows other devices/nodes to join the
network and also distribute the keys. Generally, ZIGBEE
coordinator performs this function. Three different roles in
ZIGBEE are:
Trust Manager: It authenticates the devices which are
requesting to join the network.
Network Manager: It manages the network keys and
helps to maintain and distribute the network keys.
Configuration Manager: It configures the security
mechanism and enables end-to-end security between
devices.
VI. HOLISTIC SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
A holistic approach aims at improving the performance of
wireless sensor networks with respect to security, longevity
and connectivity under changing environmental conditions.
The holistic approach of security concerns about involving
all the layers for ensuring overall security in a network. For
such a network, a single security solution for a single layer
might not bean efficient solution rather employing a holistic
approach could be the best option.
The holistic approach has some basic principles like, in a
given network; security is to be ensured for all the layers of
the protocol stack, the cost for ensuring security should not
surpass the assessed security risk at a specific time, if there
is no physical security ensured for the sensors, the security
measures must be able to exhibit a graceful degradation if
some of the sensors in the network are compromised, out of
order or captured by the enemy and the security measures
should be developed to work in a decentralized fashion. If
security is not considered for all of the security layers, for
example; if a sensor is somehow captured or jammed in the
physical layer, the security for the overall network breaks
despite the fact that, there are some efficient security
mechanisms working in other layers. By building security
layers as in the holistic approach, protection could be
established for the overall network.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper emphasizes the WSN's safety issue. Safety in the
network sensor is the major challenge. Safe contact is
needed for some applications such as the military. Certain
security requirements must be met for a secure
communication network. Centered on different criteria, this
paper discusses security risks. Specificprocedureshavebeen
developed to satisfy the safety requirements.
In many mission-critical applications, the wireless sensor
networks continue to grow and become widely utilized.
Therefore, the need for protection is paramount. The
wireless sensor network, however, suffers from several
limitations including low energy levels, processing and
storage, unreliable communication and unattended
operation, etc. However, it is a major research challenge to
develop and make this detection mechanism efficient.Again,
ensuring holistic security in wireless sensor network is a
major research issue. Many of todays proposed security
schemes are based on specific network models. As a
collective attempt to follow a specific model to guarantee
each layer’s protection is not feasible, in the future, the
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development of security protocols for each layer would lead
to a challenging investigation integrating all procedures for
each layer in partnership.
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