The document discusses implementing a wireless mesh network using IEEE 802.11s at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. It describes the benefits of mesh networks, different mesh network modes, and comparisons with other wireless technologies. It also outlines the hardware and software developed, including antennas, wireless routers, firmware, and traffic monitoring tools used to test and analyze the campus mesh network.

1. IEEE 802.11s implementation for multimedia campus networking Sikkim Manipal Institute Of Technology Jan 2008 – Jun 2008

2. Why, What ,How?

3. Wireless Mesh Networks IEEE 802.11s WMN is dynamically self-organized and self configured. Researches have been going on to establish protocol for mesh networking using current technologies such as IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15 and 802.16

4. Classical 802.11 WLAN

5. WLAN with mesh

6. Why Mesh? What’s so good about Mesh? – Enables rapid deployment with lower-cost backhaul – Easy to provide coverage in hard-to-wire areas – Self-healing, resilient, extensible – Under the right circumstances: – Greater range due to multi-hop forwarding – Higher bandwidth due to shorter hops – Better battery life due to lower power transmission

7. Modes Of WMN Infrastructure/backbone WMN Client WMN Hybrid WMN

8. Infrastructure/Backbone WMNs

9. Client WMNs

10. Hybrid WMNs

11. Comparison with existing technologies

12. Mesh vs. Ad-Hoc Networks Multihop Nodes are wireless, possibly mobile May rely on infrastructure Most traffic is user-to-user Ad-Hoc Networks WMN Multihop Nodes are wireless, some mobile, some fixed It relies on infrastructure Most traffic is user-to-gateway

13. Mesh vs. Sensor Networks Bandwidth is limited (tens of kbps) In most applications, fixed nodes Energy efficiency is an issue Resource constrained Most traffic is user-to-gateway Wireless Sensor Networks WMN Bandwidth is generous (>1Mbps) Some nodes mobile, some fixed Normally not energy limited Resources are not an issue Most traffic is user-to-gateway

14. WLAN Coverage 802.11 WMN Wiring Costs Low High Number of APs As needed Twice as many Cost of APs High Low Bandwidth Good Very Good

15. Mesh Implementation Model Different factors affecting a wireless transmission rate for a mesh network. 1) Marginal S/N 2) Long bursts of interference due devices working in same spectrum. eg microwave 3) Short bursts of interference due to concurrent sends from other routers 4) Multipath interference.

16. Marginal S/N Simplified model for packet loss: P(delivery) = f(signal/noise) Signal strength reflects attenuation Noise reflects interference Perhaps marginal S/N explains intermediate delivery probabilities

17. Long bursts of interference Bursty noise might corrupt packets without affecting S/N measurements A B

18. Short bursts of interference (802.11) A B Outcome depends on relative signal levels When a nearby AP sends a packet, we lose a packet.

19. Multi-path interference Reflection is a delayed and attenuated copy of the signal A B B

20. SOFTWARE & HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

21. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

22. HORN ANTENNA

23. PARABOLIC REFLECTOR A parabolic reflector (or dish or mirror ) is a parabola-shaped reflective device, used to collect or distribute energy such as light, sound, or radio waves

24. CAT5 CABLE

25. i Pod Touch

26. Wireless Settings For iPod

27. WIRELESS ROUTER

28. What is a router? A router is a computer whose software and hardware are usually tailored to the tasks of routing and forwarding, generally containing a specialized operating system RAM, NVRAM, flash memory, and one or more processors.

29. LINKSYS WRT54G

31. WRT54G Series Router Specification

32. LINKSYS WRT54GL version 1.1 Linux Kernel 2.4 Based on the Broadcom BCM5352E SoC Hardware design is the WRT54G Version 4.0 All-in-one Internet-sharing Router, 4-port Switch, and 54Mbps Wireless-G (802.11g) Access Point Shares a single Internet connection and other resources with Ethernet wired and Wireless-G and -B devices Push button setup feature makes wireless configuration secure and simple

34. Software Requirements 1. MS WINDOWS 2. LINUX—UBUNTU GUTSY RIBBON 2.0 CONFIGURING UBUNTU 2.1 TCP DUMP 2.2 NDISWRAPPER 2.3 WI FI RADAR 2.4 WIRELESS TOOLS MATLAB & SIMULINK SOFTWARES : -NETSTUMBLER NETMEETING SKYPE PRTG TRAFFIC MONITOR NETSCAN ANGRY IP

35. MS WINDOWS

36. LINUX—UBUNTU GUTSY RIBBON

37. WI FI RADAR

38. DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM MATLAB AND SIMULINK

39. What is VoIP? Voice over IP – Video over IP – not limited to voice/video – “ any data” over IP How does it work: – VoIP is the process of breaking up data into small chunks (packets), transmitting those chunks over an IP network and reassembling those chunks at the receiving end Receiver handles packet loss, packet delay, and wrong order of packets

40. VoIP Protocols 1 . Transport Protocols RTP: Real-Time Protocolpayload can be any “multimedia” data defined by additional protocols and codecs RTCP: Real-Time Control Protocol 2 . Call-Signalling Protocols SIP: Session Initiation Protocol H.323 3 . Proprietary Protocols Skype (P2P-based)

41. Why VoIP? • provides the opportunity to bring significant change in the way people communicate • apart from email and Web, VoIP is the “killer application” for wireless networks

42. VoIP Services • Telephony • Video Conferencing • Instant Messaging • Application Sharing • Whiteboarding • etc.

43. Microsoft Windows Netmeeting

47. TRAFFIC MONITORING

48. PRTG Traffic Grapher It is an easy to use Windows software for monitoring and classifying bandwidth usage. It provides system administrators with live readings and long-term usage trends for their network devices.

49. The traffic monitoring system was also tested for wired LAN system existing in campus using PRTG network monitor software TRAFFIC MONITORING GRAPH-1

50. TRAFFIC MONITORING GRAPH-2

51. NETWORK TRAFFIC TOP PROTOCOLS

52. Network Traffic Table

53. Wireless Site Survey Netstumbler

54. The program is commonly used for: Wardriving Verifying network configurations Finding locations with poor coverage in a WLAN Detecting causes of wireless interference Detecting unauthorized ("rogue") access points Aiming directional antennas for long-haul WLAN links

55. Graph- SNR vs Time

56. Netstumbler Window Showing network details

57. FIRMWARE OPEN WRT FREIFUNK MAD WIFI TOMATO

58. OPEN WRT FIRMWARE

59. OPEN WRT FIRMWARE OpenWrt is a Linux-based firmware program for embedded devices such as residential gateways. The most popular routers seem to be the Linksys WRT54G series and the Asus WL500G. OpenWrt primarily uses a command-line interface, but also features an optional web-based GUI

63. FREIFUNK FIRMWARE

64. FREIFUNK FIRMWARE Freifunk.net (German for: "Free radio") is a non commercial open initiative to support free radio networks in the German region. Freifunk.net is part of the international movement for free and wireless radio networks. To support the fast deployment of free radio networks, Freifunk uses a specialized firmware for WRT54G devices..

65. CONFIGURTION OF A MESH NODE

66. FREIFUNK FIRMWARE LAN Settings

67. System Settings

68. MAD WI FI FIRMWARE

69. MAD WIFI FIRMWARE MadWifi is WLAN drivers available for Linux today. It is stable and has an established userbase. The driver is open source We tested the wireless mesh network for using Madwifi firmware, but we faced some glitches with the deployment of the driver. First the madwifi being Linux based worked only on Linux and we were having difficulties getting the drivers for various routers. Yet we were able to run Linksys WRT54USBG card under Ubuntu 7.04

70. TOMATO FIRMWARE

71. TOMATO FIRMWARE Tomato Firmware is a free HyperWRT + tofu based, Linux core firmware for several wireless routers, most notably the Linksys WRT54G , Buffalo AirStation and Asus Routers. Tomato is open source software Asynchronous Java & XML(AJAX) as well as an Scalable Vector Graphics(SVG)-based graphical bandwidth monitor.

72. Supported Devices WRT54G WRT54GS WRT54GL

73. Upgrading The Firmware Open the GUI in your browser. The default URL is http://192.168.1.1/ Click Administration, then Upgrade. Select any of the files and click the Upgrade button. Wait for about 2 minutes while the firmware is uploaded & flashed.

74. Menus in Tomato Status Overview System Gives current overall system status, like the amount of time the router has been running, CPU load, and memory usage. WAN Gives information on the Wide Area Network (Internet) connection. LAN Gives a summary of the settings related to the Local Area Network, and the MAC Address for the wired portion of the network.

75. Wireless Gives information on the wireless portion of the Local Area Network. Device List Provides a list of the current devices that have been assigned an IP address by the DHCP server. Devices are listed by Interface, which indicates where on the router they are connected: br0 refers to Wired Ethernet (LAN) devices. In other words, devices that are connected to the router on the four Ethernet ports (either directly or via a hub or switch). eth1 refers to Wireless Ethernet (WLAN) devices. In other words, devices that are connected to the router via the wireless radio. vlan1 refers to your WAN (Internet) connection. In other words, the connection to your Internet modem (Cable modem, DSL modem, or upstream router). Logs Allows you to view the Internal system logs

76. STATUS- DEVICE LIST

77. STATUS OVERVIEW

78. STATUS OVERVIEW

79. Subnet Mask: The default of 255.255.255.0 means that anything starting in the first three numbers as the router (default 192.168.1.x) is assumed to be on the Local Network. Static DNS: Allows you to list a series of DNS servers manually (as opposed to getting them from your Internet Service Provider). DHCP Server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol used by networked computers (clients) to obtain IP addresses. To control the IP addresses that your router hands out to computers connected to Network. Customize the amount of time before computers on the LAN will renew their IP addresses (the Lease Time) Specify a Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) server if you use WINS.

80. Wireless Wireless Controls the connection over the Wireless Local Area Network. Enable Wireless: If checked, Wireless access will be allowed. MAC Address: Displays the MAC address assigned to the Wireless radio on the router. Wireless Mode: The normal setting for this is Access Point, which allows clients to connect to this router. The router can also be used in Wireless Distribution System (WDS) mode, Another possible mode is Wireless Ethernet Bridge mode. This allows it to connect to another gateway router while still keeping all computers connected to both routers in the same subnet. Note: If the router is used as a wireless client or Wireless Ethernet Bridge, it cannot be used as an access point at the same time. B/G Mode: This may be Mixed (B+G), B-Only (restricted to 802.11b), or G-Only (restricted to 802.11g). If you set this to B-Only or G-Only, connection attempts from the other protocol may be seen as interference. Recommend leaving this set to "Mixed".

81. Wireless( continued) SSID: Wireless router identifier. Allows you to uniquely identify your router and differentiate it from other routers in range. Broadcast: If checked, the SSID will be broadcast, allowing the router to be found more easily. Disabling this is a very limited security measure. Casual scans will not be able to find the router, but anyone running sniffing software can easily find it. Channel: The 2.4Ghz range channel used by the router. Generally, it is best to use the Wireless Survey under Tools to find any other access points in range, and use the frequency that is the furthest from any other frequency in use. Security: Allows you to secure your wireless connections. WPA and/or WPA2 personal are the most secure protocols. Disabled means all connections are unencrypted and anyone can access the router. WEP is an older encryption protocol. While better than nothing, it is easily broken.

82. STATUS OVERVIEW Network Allows you to set up the Internet / Wide Area Network (WAN) connection that the router uses, and the basic parameters of the Local Area Network (LAN). WAN / Internet Specifies how your router should connect to the Internet. Normally, this is done via an Ethernet cable connected from the WAN/Internet port to a Cable or DSL Modem. Type: Specifies the type of connection used. The rest of the parameters are variable, and based on the type of connection. The default for most Cable modems is "DHCP", meaning that the router simply talks to your cable modem and is automatically assigned an IP address and other connection data. LAN Controls setup of the Local area Network (LAN) which includes settings for wired and wireless clients connected to the router. Router IP Address: The IP address assigned to the router on the LAN. Default is 192.168.1.1.

83. Bandwidth Monitoring Following BW monitoring options are available with graphs: Real time Last 24 hours Daily Weekly Monthly

84. BANDWIDTH REAL TIME

85. TOOLS Ping Allows you to ping computers on the Internet to verify connectivity. Simply enter the URL or IP address (Internet only) to ping, customize the number of retries or packet size if you wish, and press [PING]. Results will be displayed when the ping is complete. Trace Allows you to perform a TRACERT (Trace Route) from your router to any Internet server. Enter the URL or IP address to trace to, and optionally the maximum hops and/or wait times, and press [TRACE]. Results are displayed when the trace is complete. Wireless Survey Scans the local area for other Wireless Access Points, and gives received signal strength information and other data. WOL Allows you to send Wake-on-LAN (WOL) packets to computers on your network.

86. TOOLS-PING

87. TOOLS-TRACE

88. TOOLS-WIRELESS SURVEY

89. QoS( Quality Of Service) QoS, or Quality of Service, allows you to prioritize data, slowing down less important data to allow more important data to get through first. Useful for outbound data. Inbound data cannot be prioritized effectively QoS in Tomato has ten levels of priority. -HIGHEST -the very highest priority (use sparingly) -CLASS-E (labeled as E) is the lowest-priority class .

90. Access Restriction Set time, computer, and protocol based bans on Internet access.

92. ADMINISTRATION Admin access Bandwidth monitoring Buttons/Led Configuration Scheduler Scripts Upgrade

93. It also has an option of Reboot Shut Down

94. CONCLUSION The capability of self-organization in WMNs reduces the complexity of network deployment and maintenance, and thus, requires minimal upfront investment. In order to establish we just require mesh routers and configure them and mesh network is deployed. A user has to select the firmware that he himself founds comfortable with out of range of firmwares available.While testing the wireless mesh network for various applications the mesh network worked fairly well. The established mesh network was tested for (1) Internet Services (2) VOIP (3) Broadcasting (4) Multicasting (5) Audio/Video Chat (6) Internet Radio

95. Conclusion WMN- IEEE 802.11S- A disruptive technology??

96. Thank You