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1. LOGIC
BS Commerce 06
Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION:

2. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION:
Logic is a branch of Philosophy.
What is Philosophy?
Here are 2 types of definitions.
(1) Literal Meaning/ Definition. (2) General Definition.
Literal Definition of Philosophy: The word
“Philosophy” is the Combination of 2 Greek words
Philo-Sophia, which means Love of wisdom.
Philo: Philo means Love of something or Search &
Pursuit. In other words Philo means Liking for or
affinity for something.
Sophia: Sophia means wisdom, cleverness,
knowledgeableness, or knowledge.

3. What is wisdom?
Wisdom means acquisition of knowledge which is
sincerely & practically applied for correct use.
e.g., Wisdom is that “if we have a knife” and we
use it for cutting fruits not for cutting throat(s).
What is Knowledge?
Knowledge: According to Socrate “knowledge is
the justified true belief and proven evidence.”
 e.g., when scientists goes to Mars (Mareeh), they
see some thing about life on Mars so this is
Knowledge.

4. General Definition of Philosophy:
According to “UMAR KHAYAM” The Universe
is like an “Old manuscript” who’s first and
last page are lost. Philosophy is the study of
finding those lost pages.
Philosophy: Philosophy is the systematic
inquiry into the principles and
presupposition of any field of inquiry.

5. Logic: The study of the methods and principles
used in distinguishing correct from incorrect
reasoning.
Note:- In preliminary definition the term logic
comes from the Greek word LOGOS which
means “sentence”, “discourse”, “reason”,
“rule”, “Ratio” and also logic is the study of
The Principles of Correct Reasoning.
Study of correct principles.
 Reasoning , thinking, speaking, about
something in rational & Logical ways.

6. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:
Traditionally, there are five main branches of
philosophy. They are:
Metaphysics: which deals with the fundamental
questions of reality.
 Or a branch that differentiate appearance (Theory of
reality) from reality
 Or that discuss things which exist beyond the physical
world.
E.g., (Soul, God, Life after Death etc.)
Epistemology: which deals with our concept of
knowledge, how we learn and what we can know. Or
(theory of knowledge), the discussion of the sources
of knowledge & theory of thought.

7. Logic: which studies the rules of valid reasoning
and argumentation.
Or Science of reasoning and arguments which we
claim and have a solid evidence of.
Ethics or moral philosophy: which is
concerned with human values and how
individuals should act.
 Or a Branch of philosophy that discuss human
voluntary action as Good and Bad.
Aesthetics or esthetics: which deals with the
notion of beauty and the philosophy of art?
Or the theory of beauty.

8. In short:
Metaphysics StudyofExistence What'soutthere?
Epistemology StudyofKnowledge HowdoIknowaboutit?
Ethics StudyofAction WhatshouldIdo?
Politics StudyofForce Whatactionsarepermissible?
Esthetics StudyofArt Whatcanlifebelike?

9. Logic is the science of Reasoning
Logic is the study of methods, techniques &
principles used to differentiate correct
reasoning from incorrect reasoning.
Logic is the study of methods, techniques &
principles used to differentiate good or
valid arguments from bad or invalid
arguments.

10. Conclusion: (the derived statement)
 A proposition that make a claim
 Or which is derived on the bases of other
proposition.
Premises: (the supporting statement)
Other proposition that are given to support the
conclusion.
E.g.: the most traditional example in philosophy.
All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore
Socrates is mortal.
All students are intelligent, (Conclusion)
X is a Student.
Therefore “X” is intelligent (Argument)

11. Proposition : A statement that assist or deny
something.
E.g: Pakistan is in Asia.
A statement that can be proven as true or false.
 Every proposition is a sentence, but every
sentence is not a proposition.
 It’s a declarative or informative sentence.
Eg: Pakistan is in south Asia, & Pakistan has 5
province.

12. Kinds of proposition
Simple Proposition:
That gives us information about a single fact.
Eg: “Y” is ill.
Complex proposition:
That gives us information about more than
one facts.
Eg: Y is ill and is admitted in a hospital.