This document discusses different definitions and perspectives on philosophy. It defines philosophy etymologically as the love of wisdom and knowledge. It also examines philosophy as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The document further breaks down philosophy into practical fields like logic, ethics, and axiology, and speculative fields like epistemology, metaphysics, and political philosophy. It provides examples of how concepts are apprehended through the mental acts of simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning.

2. PHILOSOPY..
• The ancient definition is the traditional
concept of philosophy which comes from
the Greek terms “philos” meaning “love”
and “sophia” means “wisdom” or
“knowledge”. Therefore, philosophy is
ordinarily and etymologically construed
as the love for wisdom or knowledge.

3. • Aristotle viewed philosophy as “thinking
which aims at maximum connected truth
about all available experiences.”
• The medieval-scholastics definition
considers philosophy as “the science of
the ultimate causes of things” These
causes are the objects of philosophical
inquiry, and the associated goal is to
know these causes with certitude.

4. • Philosophy is the study of general and
fundamental problems, such as those
connected with existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished
from other ways of addressing such problems
by its critical, generally systematic approach
and its reliance on rational argument. The
word "philosophy" comes from the Greek word
(philosophia), which literally means "love of
wisdom".(Wikipedia.org)

5. • Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the
principles and presupposition of any field of
inquiry.
• Psychologically, philosophy is an attitude, an
approach, or a calling to answer, or to ask, or
even to comment upon certain peculiar
problems

6. The Fields of Philosophy
• Philosophy is classified into practical and
speculative. Practical philosophy includes; Logic as
the science and art of correct thinking; Ethics which
is the study of standards of right and wrong and
Axiology defined as the nature, types criteria and
status of human values. While Speculative philosophy
includes; Epistemology, Metaphysics, Aesthetics,
Rational Psychology, Social Philosophy, Philosophy of
man, Theodicy and Political Philosophy.

8. Several meanings of logic were defined by
different authors..
• Generally, Logic is understood as the science
and art of correct thinking (Cruz, 1995).
• Logic as an art, it guides man’s reasoning so he
can proceed with order and ease and without
error in the constructive activity of making
definitions of terms, propositions and
inferences.( Gualdo, 2000)

9. • According to Resnik, 1970, Logic is considered a
science for 3 major reasons: (1) as body of
certain and proven knowledge, (2) this body of
knowledge is obtained and arranged in a
systematic manner, (3) it is objective and
possesses “general principles of argumentation
and proof, which can be formulated precisely
and communicated to others”.

10. • Logic as a speculative science, is
concerned primarily with what is correct
reasoning and why it is correct. (McCall,
1971)” Logic is the science and art of
correct thinking “(Bachelor, 1966).

11. • Logic- derived from the greek word logos
which means “spoken word.” “Speech” or
“reason”. It was introduced by Zero, a Greek
philosopher, through his use of the term
“logike” which means “discourse of thinking”
or “treatises on thought.” Logic The
Philosophical Discipline of Correct Thinking
(Eddie R. Babor) p.13

13. MENTAL ACT MENTAL EXTERNAL SIGN LOGICAL ISSUE
PRODUCT
SIMPLE IDEA TERM PREDICABILITY
APPREHENSION
JUDGMENT ENUNCIATION PROPOSITION PREDICATION
REASONING ARGUMENT SYLLOGISM INFERENCE

14. 3 Division of Logic
Logic may be divided according to the Tree Acts of the Intellect.
These are:
simple apprehension, judgement and reasoning
Simple apprehension is the first act of the intellect wherein by
the acts of our senses we mentally grasp a thing without affirming or
denying anything about it.
Judgement is the second act of the intellect wherein we
join two understood terms obtain or acquired in simple apprehension and
deconstruct them either by affirmation or by negation.
Reasoning is the third act of the
intellect wherein we draw conclusion from a given act of validity.

16. • Before the mind can proceed to determine
the truth or falsity of anything it has first to
apprehend that something. This act of the
mind is what is generally called simple
apprehension, which is an act whereby the
minds understands the general meaning of
a thing without affirming or denying
anything about it.

17. • This is the first act of the intellect wherein by the act of o This
is the first act of the intellect wherein by the act of our senses
we mentally grasp a thing without affirming or denying anything
about it .we mentally grasp a thing without affirming or denying
anything about it
• An act whereby understands the essence or general meaning of
a thing without affirming of denying anything about it (McCall,
1971)

18. Process of Simple Apprehension
•Faculty: Senses (sight, touch, smell, taste, and hear)
•Sensation: process of senses aroused
•Sense Image: image is produced
•Imagination: is the process or power of forming pictures in
the material organic faculty of things not
present to the senses
•Phantasm: product of imagination imperfectly pictured
•Abstraction: discard, eliminate the common
characteristics
of the object
Idea: define the significant characteristics
•Term: figure of the subject (needs speech or
writing)
•Predicability: term extended to another term
(but without affirmation nor negation)

19. Faculty: sense of touch. I touch something sticky.
Sensation: The texture arouse my sensation or instinct to touch.
I sense that the texture is sensational that please
my senses.

20. Sense image: I sense now an image of a pleasant object with its
sticky texture.
Imagination: I imagine this sticky object.
Phantasm: the result of my imagination is sense knowledge of a
definite object with sticky texture.

21. Abstraction: My mind mirrors or sees the essence of that STICKY
object by disregarding the physical characteristics or accidental
features. My intellect now understands or apprehends the
representation of that essence.

22. Idea: The mental representation is an idea, my
idea of a JAM.

23. Term: I express this idea orally or in writing and say JAM.
I write JAM.
Predicability: The term “JAM” can be predicated
or related to other terms like STRAWBERRY JAM,
GUAVA JAM, ORANGE JAM, RASPBERRY JAM, etc.

24. Faculty: sense of smell. I smell something unpleasant.
Sensation: The odor arouse my sensation or instinct to smell.
I sense that the odor is sensational that please
my senses.

25. Sense image: I sense now an image of a pleasant object with its unpleasant
odor.
Imagination: I imagine this unpleasant smell.
Phantasm: the result of my imagination is sense knowledge of a definite
FOOD which is unpleasant to smell.

26. Abstraction: My mind mirrors or sees the essence of that unique
fruit by disregarding the physical characteristics or accidental
features. My intellect now understands or apprehends the
representation of that essence.

27. Idea: The mental representation is an idea, my idea of DURIAN

28. Term: I express this idea orally or in writing and say DURIAN.
I write DURIAN.
Predicability: The term “DURIAN” can be predicated
or related to other terms like DURIAN CANDY,
DURIAN CAKE, DURIAN JUICE, DURIAN ICE
CREAM, etc.

29. EXAMPLE # 3
Faculty: sense of sight. I see some people wearing uniform.
Sensation: The sight arouses my sensation or power to see.

30. Sense image: I now see an image of people in uniform of different
colours and styles
Imagination: I make vivid pictures of these young people in my
imagination
Phantasm: the product of my imagination is a sense of knowledge of
particular person in uniform.

31. Abstraction: My intellect disregards and draws/extracts
from the physical features of those persons in uniform.

32. Term: I express this idea orally or in writing. So, I say or
write “PRIEST”
Predicability: The term “PRIEST” can be predicated or
related to other terms like diocesan priests, Benedictine
monk, religious priest, Franciscan friar.