Rationalism holds that reason, rather than sensory experience, is the primary source of knowledge. Rationalists believe that through abstract reasoning, certain innate or a priori truths about reality can be discovered independently of empirical observation. René Descartes is considered the original archetype of rationalism, proposing that only clear and distinct ideas obtained through reason can be accepted as true. Rationalism encompasses views that reality has an inherent logical structure that can be understood through proper deduction, and that some concepts and knowledge are innate to the human mind from birth.

1. Rationalism
ByBy
Bushra TabassumBushra Tabassum
University Of GujratUniversity Of Gujrat

2. Rationalism
Rationalism is an epistemological position in
which reason is said to be the primary source of
all knowledge, superior to the senses.
In general, rationalists believe that abstract
reasoning can produce undeniable, absolutely
certain truths about nature, existence, and the
whole of reality.

3. Cont…
These truths are called a priori,
or innate, ideas – because they
are discovered independently of
experience, without empirical
observation or experimentation.
Descartes stands not only as the
“father of modern philosophy,”
but as the original archetype of
the modern rationalist.

4. What is Philosophy of
Rationalism?
Encompasses several strands of thought
all of which usually share the conviction
that REALITY is actually rationale in
nature and that making the proper
deductions is essential in achieving
knowledge.
Latin word ratio, meaning reason-point of
view that states that reason plays the
main role in understanding the world and
obtaining knowledge.

5. What is Philosophy of
Rationalism?
 is “any view appealing to reason as a
source of knowledge or justification.”
in which the criterion of the truth is
not sensory but intellectual and
deductive.
 The philosophical view that regards
reason as the chief source and test of
knowledge. Holding the reality itself
has an inherent logical structure

6. Rationalism=reason
JUSTIFICATION OF OUR BELIEFS
IDEA
SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE
SOURCE OF CONCEPTUAL
APPARATUS

7. Rationalism and Empiricism
Empiricism: All knowledge of
the world comes from
experience
Rationalism: Some knowledge
of the world is independent of
experience— that is, some
knowledge is inborn (innate)

8. Concept Rationalism
Concept rationalism: There are
innate concepts
Leibniz: “. . . can it be denied
that there is much that is innate
in our mind, since we are, so to
speak, innate to ourselves, and
since in ourselves there are
being, unity, substance,
duration, change, activity,
perception, pleasure and a
thousand other objects of our
intellectual ideas?

9. Three main claims
Rationalists adopt at least one
of three main claims:
Intuition/Deduction:
Innate Knowledge: We have
knowledge of some truths as part of
our innate rational nature.
Experiences may trigger a process by
which we bring this knowledge
to consciousness, but the experiences
do not provide us with the knowledge
itself,

10. Cont…
Some rationalists also claim, in
addition to the claims above, that
the knowledge we gain by intuition
and deduction, as well as the ideas
and instances of knowledge that are
innate to us, are indispensible and
could not have been gained through
sense experience, and/or that
reason is superior to experience as
a source of knowledge.

11. Judgment Rationalism
Judgment rationalism: There
are synthetic a priori truths
We can learn something about
the world independently of
experience— from reason alone

12. Standard of Truth
Descartes proposed that only those
things we can accept as “clear and
distinct” should be accepted as true.
“Clear” he defined as “that which is
present and apparent to an attentive
mind.”
“Distinct” he defined as “that which is so
precise and different from all other
objects that it contains within itself
nothing but what is clear.”

13. Innate ideas
• “Some ideas are present from birth.”
• Ideas that do not require the proof or
suggestion of sense experience, are
concept which are present from birth.
• It could be theoretically be discovered or
brought out from within the mind of each
individual.
• Example is Descartes arguments for the
existence of God.

14. Objections to Rationalism
How can we have knowledge in
our minds if we are not aware
of it?
Isn’t to know something to
believe it?
How can we believe something
without being aware of it?