Propositions are the basic units of logic and language that can be either true or false. There are several types of propositions: - Categorical propositions make a claim about a subject and predicate, and can be universal, particular, affirmative, or negative. - Hypothetical propositions state conditions and possibilities using "if-then" clauses, with the antecedent as the condition and consequent as the possibility. - Disjunctive propositions present alternatives using "either-or", and can be strict if the possibilities exclude each other, or broad if the possibilities can both occur. - Conjunctive propositions combine possibilities using "and" that cannot both be true simultaneously

1. LOGIC AND
CRITICAL
THINKING
PROPOSITION

2. PROPOSITION
Is the basic unit of language.
The core of the philosophy of great thinkers.
Logically, proposition only reveal the truth
condition of things, or their state s of affairs.
Reveals facts.
In logic, proposition is essentially
foundational, as all types of knowledge and
scientific reasoning are structured n the form
of a proposition.

3. Definition of a Proposition
 “a statement of facts”.
 “Propositional language reveals the world”-
Russell (logical atomism)

4. Categorical Proposition
 Restricted to two alternatives “true or false”.
 Ex. S is P.

5. Part of Categorical Proposition
 Subject----Copula----Predicate
 Ex. She is beautiful.
 She- subject
 Is- copula
 Beautiful- Predicate

6. Quantity of Categorical
Proposition
 Singular
 Particular
 Universal

7. Quality of a Proposition
 Positive
 Negative

8. A- E- I- O Matrix
QUALITY
QUANTITY
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
UNIVERSAL or
SINGULAR A E
PARTICULAR I O

9. Hypothetical Proposition
 Is a logical statements of conditions or
possibilities, options or speculative relations
of facts or supposed facts.

10. Conditional propositions
 States a relationship of fact and its necessary
condition. It is distinctively marked by the “if”
and “then” clauses.
 “if” antecedent- contains the condition of fact.
 “then” consequent- states the possibility given
the antecedent.
Ex. If it is night, then it is dark.
antecedent consequent

11. Disjunctive proposition
 Is about the alternative possibilities or
varieties of choices, marked by “either-
or”clause.

12. Strict disjunctive proposition
 Present possibilities or options that exclude
each other.
 The occurrence of one possibility or option
directly denies the other simply because they
are incompatible with each other.
Ex. You either run or walk or motionless.

13. Broad Disjunctive Propositions
 Present possibilities or options that may
probably include each other.
 The occurrence of one possibility or option
need not deny the others as they are
presumably compatible with each other.
Ex. Either he is good in math or science, or in
philosophy.

14. Conjunctive proposition
 Speaks of possibilities that cannot be both
true at the same time, marked by article “and”
which combines in the proposition the
conflicting and compatible possibilities.
Ex. You cannot be guilty and innocent at the
same time.

15. THANK YOU!