Goals:
Define categorical proposition and identify its parts;
Discuss the matter and form of a proposition;
Learn the distinctions among the four types of categorical propositions; and
Learn how to reduce a proposition to its logical form.
Logic, Categorical Propositions.
All of the used themes from above presentation was from Microsoft, likewise I do not own the said themes.
Goals:
Define categorical proposition and identify its parts;
Discuss the matter and form of a proposition;
Learn the distinctions among the four types of categorical propositions; and
Learn how to reduce a proposition to its logical form.
Logic, Categorical Propositions.
All of the used themes from above presentation was from Microsoft, likewise I do not own the said themes.
Based from the book : "Logic Made Simple for Filipinos" by Florentino Timbreza here is the summary made into powerpoint of Lesson 12: The Categorical Syllogism.
It Includes:
Introduction to categorical syllogism
General Axioms of the Syllogism
Eight Syllogistic Rules
Figures and Moods of the Categorical Syllogism
Examples in these slides are our own, there were no examples derived from the book.
This paper is about conflicts and controversies in Philippine history. Among the topics were as follows:
1. Site of the First Mass
2. The Cry of Rebellion
3. The Cavite Mutiny
Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These scientists are also famous abroad in different science disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine marine science, chemistry, engineering and biology.
A workshop given to elementary school teachers about using creative and critical thinking in the elementary school classroom. Strategies, definitions, and tools are provided.
“A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.” Wikipedia contributors. "Syllogism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Jun. 2015
Based from the book : "Logic Made Simple for Filipinos" by Florentino Timbreza here is the summary made into powerpoint of Lesson 12: The Categorical Syllogism.
It Includes:
Introduction to categorical syllogism
General Axioms of the Syllogism
Eight Syllogistic Rules
Figures and Moods of the Categorical Syllogism
Examples in these slides are our own, there were no examples derived from the book.
This paper is about conflicts and controversies in Philippine history. Among the topics were as follows:
1. Site of the First Mass
2. The Cry of Rebellion
3. The Cavite Mutiny
Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These scientists are also famous abroad in different science disciplines: agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine marine science, chemistry, engineering and biology.
A workshop given to elementary school teachers about using creative and critical thinking in the elementary school classroom. Strategies, definitions, and tools are provided.
“A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.” Wikipedia contributors. "Syllogism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Jun. 2015
This is an introduction to the topic "Reference and Meaning" as one of the issues/concerns of philosophy of language. The thoughts of John Locke is also included here. The reference for this material is "Philosophy of Language" by Hornsby and Longworth.
It is my PPt about Semantics and Pragmatics; it only ver basic information about it, but hopefully it will be useful for your educational process or useful as your reading resources. You can contact me if you have a suggestion, critique, or maybe we can discuss this topic further.
Key Concepts in Media Studies Lecture 3 SemioticsMarcus Leaning
An introductory lecture on semiotics covering concepts such as the sign, signifier, signified, referent, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, indexical, iconic and symbolic signs.
Given as part of the Key Concepts in Media Studies 1st year module of the BA (hons) Media Studies at the University of Winchester in the UK.
Gothic architecture is a style of that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Its characteristic features include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work")
Graeco-Roman architecture is the architecture of the Roman world that followed the principles and style established in ancient Greece. The most representative building of that era was the temple. Other prominent structures that represented the style included government buildings, like the Roman Senate, and cultural structures, like the Colosseum.
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire. This terminology is used by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople rather than the city of Rome and environs.
Motivation refers to an internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction.
Emotion is a state involving pattern of facial and bodily changes, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action.
Emotions are positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physical, psychological arousal and related behavior.
Emotions give life its feeling and meaning. They enrich life. Without emotions, things would be quite a routine and dull.
THE ENTIRE HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF THE PROMISED LAND IS A PROPHECY OF THE SPIRITUAL CONQUEST OF THE WORLD THROUGH THE CHURCH UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF JESUS THE MESSIAH.
The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation.
Those who have been raised to the dignity of the royal priesthood by Baptism, and configured more deeply to Christ by Confirmation, participate with the whole community in the Lord’s own sacrifice by means of the Eucharist.
In talking about the humanity of Christ we must not rely on our reason alone rather we look in the eyes of faith so that we may see the truth clearly. On the other hand, we cannot separate the reason and faith for they must go hand in hand.
As St. Augustine says, faith seeks understanding. Moreover, scripture presents to us the evidences to prove the humanity of Christ. This will be our guide to have an idea on the life of Christ. In addition, the truth by which our early fathers of the church passed on to us will be part of this topic. The error of the teaching of some early Christians will also be included.
Every school, college or university ought to have an evaluation program for the purpose of maximizing the effectiveness of instruction.
The head of the institution should take the initiative in organizing one. But there should be a committee to take charge of the evaluation activities.
5. Ideas
Ideas are considered the building blocks of
knowledge. They are constitutive elements that
make up judgments, and judgments may express
either truth or error. This being the case, ideas in all
their manifestations must be thoroughly tackled by
the philosopher-logician since no building can be
solid unless its foundation is solid.
Moreover, ideas are also the quasi-subjects of
inferential relations.
6. Definition:
Idea is the intellectual representation or
“image” of a thing.
It is the same as the concept in the mind
although concepts are viewed sometimes as
purified ideas. The term, idea, comes from the
original Greek word idea which
means image.
7. For instance, our idea of a cow is our
mental image or apprehension of an animal
called cow. This idea of a cow will apply to any
and all cows, irrespective of their individual
differences among themselves, provided they
possess the same essential qualities which
constitute the idea of a cow. Hence, a precept is
distinct from an idea.
8. Formation:
The process of forming ideas will be of
great help to us in understanding their nature. All
knowledge starts with the senses.
Thus, man is able to produce the sensible
image of a thing called phantasm. This phantasm
of the imagination is the first step in the
formation of an idea.
9. Properties of Ideas:
• Comprehension
• Extension
Comprehension:
The sum-total of all the thought-elements
contained in an idea.
The comprehension of an idea involves
understanding of its meaning, signification, and
thought-content.
Also known as implication or connotation of the
idea.
It is manifested by definition.
10. Extension:
The sum-total of the individuals and classes or
groups to which an idea can be applied.
The extension of an idea expresses the
application of the thought-content to the
individuals and groups in which it is found.
Also known as application or denotation.
It is manifested by division.
11. Terms
We have learned that man invented language
for communication purposes. He coined words,
symbols, and terms by which to express his ideas
and thoughts.
Thought is invisible and imperceptible to the
senses we cannot take it and put it in someone’s
mind. We won’t know what somebody has in mind
unless we understand his gestures or signs.
Speech is the primary means by which we
communicate with one another. The language we
use is a body of symbols with which we articulate
our feelings and ideas. The basic unit of a language
is the word. We call it - term, from the Latin word
terminus.
12. Definition:
Term is the verbal expression of an idea.
It is an articulate sound which serves as a
conventional sign of an idea. It may also be
understood as an idea or group of ideas expressed in
words.
We form ideas from the things we perceive,
and then we express or manifest our ideas to others
by means of terms or words.
Not all words, however, are terms; some
words have no referents, such as if, from, by, and in.
But all terms are words, for all terms are articulate
sounds signifying things.
13. Kinds of Terms:
Terms may be classified according to quantity,
incompatibility, definiteness of meaning, and the
nature of referents.
1. As regards quantity:
a. Singular Term – stands for a single individual
or object.
b. Particular Term – stands for an indefinite
number of individuals of a
class.
14. c. Universal Term – stands not only for a class
as a whole but also for
each member of that class.
d. Collective Term – refers to a group or
collection of objects
or individuals regarded
as a unit.
A collective term, however, may be universal
(e.g., family), particular (e.g., some family), or
singular (e.g., this family).
15. 2. As regards incompatibility:
a. Contradictory Terms – those wherein one affirms
what the other denies.
b. Contrary Terms – represent the two extremes
among objects of a series
belonging to the same class.
c. Private Terms – those wherein one signifies a
perfection and the other denies a
perfection in a subject which
naturally ought to posses it.
d. Relative Terms – those wherein one cannot be
understood without the other.
16. 3. As regards definiteness of meaning:
a. Univocal Term – predicated of two or more
individuals or things in exactly
the same sense; admits of only
one meaning.
b. Equivocal Term – predicated of many in
an entirely different sense;
admits of two or more meanings.
c. Analogous Term – predicated of two or
more things that is partly the
same and partly different sense.
17. 4. As regards the nature of referents:
a. Concrete Term – can be perceived by the
senses; referent is tangible.
b. Abstract Term – can be understood only by
mind; referent is intangible. It may
denote the property of a thing,
which is considered an entity by itself.
It denotes being, quality, quantity, or
relationship.
c. Null or Empty Term – nothing actually existing
to which it can be applied; no actual
referents but only imaginary ones.
18. Supposition of Terms
The exact meaning it has in relation to the
other words in a given sentence.
a. On the Basis of the Thing Signified:
1. Real Supposition – is present when the
term stands for a thing which
exists as a physical object in
the realm of realities.
2. Logical Supposition – is present when the
term expresses an aspect of a
concept itself as it exists
only in the mind.
19. 3. Imaginary Supposition – is present when
the term signifies something which
can exist only in the imagination.
4. Metaphorical Supposition – is present
when the term signifies something
which can be true only by analogy to
another.
5. Symbolic Supposition – is present when a
term signifies something which is true
only from agreement of a group of men.
6. Material Supposition – is present when the
term stands for itself insofar as it is a
verbal symbol.
20. a. On the Basis of the Extension:
1. Individual Supposition – is present when the
term stands for an individual person
or thing.
2. Universal Supposition – is present when the
term stands for all the individuals
of a given whole.
3. Particular Supposition – is present when a
term stands for a portion of a given
whole or totality.
4. Indefinite Supposition – is present when a
term stands for unspecific
number of individuals.