The Traditional Square Of Opposition, The Kinds Of Opposition, 1) CONTRADICTORIES. 2) CONTRARIES. 3) SUB-CONTRARIES. 4) SUBALTERNATION. 5) THE SQURE OF OPPOSITION The form of Discourse ,

1. 1 WrittenBy : AMIR HASSAN OF CHEMISTRY DEPTT POST GRADUATE COLLAGE MARDAN
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Q#1: Discuss the traditional square of opposition?
The Traditional Square Of Opposition
Definition:
The standard form of categorical proposition having the same subject term and predicate term but
may differ from each other in quality or, in quantity or, in both. Any such kind of differing has
been traditionally called opposition.
I). The first categorical proposition enable us to exhibit the relations among those proposition
which in turn provide solid ground for great deal of the reasoning in our daily life.
II). The term opposition is used even when there is no apparent disagreement between the
propositions.
The Kinds Of Opposition
The Various kind of opposition are the following :
1) CONTRADICTORIES.
2) CONTRARIES.
3) SUB-CONTRARIES.
4) SUBALTERNATION.
5) THE SQURE OF OPPOSITION.
1) CONTRADICTORIES:-
 The standard form of categorical proposition that have the same subject and predicate
term but differ from each other in both quantity and quality are contradictories.
 Two proposition are contradictories if one is denial or, negation of the other , if they
can ‘t both be true and can’t be both false.
 Example: -All judges are lawyers.
-Some judges are not lawyers.
2) CONTRARIES:-
 Two propositions is said to be contraries if they can’t both be true, and the truth of one
entails of the truth of other called contraries.
 Both can’t be true and both can’t be false may regard as contraries.
 If either of these propositions is true, then the other must be false.
 Example: - All poets are dreamers.
-No poet is dreamers.
3) SUB-CONTRARIES:-
 If a particular proposition having the same subject and predicate terms but differing in
quality one affirming the other denying called sub-contraries.
 Two propositions said to be sub-contraries if they can’t both be false although both
may be true therefore regard as sub-contraries.
 Example: - Some diamonds are precious stones.
- Some diamonds are not precious stones.
4) SUBALTERNATION:-
 The opposition between a universal proposition and its corresponding particular
proposition is known as subalternation.
 In corresponding proposition the universal proposition is called superaltern, and the
particular proposition is called subaltern
 These propositions have the same subject & predicate term & agree in quality both are
affirming or both denying but differ in quantity one universal the other particular they

2. 2 WrittenBy : AMIR HASSAN OF CHEMISTRY DEPTT POST GRADUATE COLLAGE MARDAN
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called corresponding propositions.
 Example: - No whales are fishes.
- Some whales are not fishes.
5) THE SQURE OF OPPOSITION:-
 There are four ways in which propositions may be “opposed” as contradictories,
contraries, sub-contraries, subalterns, and superaltern..
 These are representing using important widely used diagram called the square of
opposition.
Q#2: Discuss the form of discourse?
The form of Discourse
 Logic mean discourse and discourse mean learned lecture or speak or to write at length.
 Discourse is a connected thought, expressed in words. It moves this way and that way like
shuttle in the loom weaving the fabric of reasoned argument.
 In discourse with other opinion is formed, knowledge is acquired and truth is attained.
 What is said by one speaker, combined with what is said by other speaker, may yield a truth,
not previously known to either speaker. In that discourse with oneself which called
reflection of mediation. A truth learned today links up with a truth learned yesterday & the
true truth may point the way to some advance or even discovery of tomorrow.
 From what other have said or from what we ourselves have thought, conclusion & inferences
are drawn they are the special concern of logic.
 It’s all too easy to draw wrong conclusion and false conclusions & inferences & discourse
without the discipline of logic is s fruitful source of false opinion, ignorance, & error.
 Logic has to deal as well with other important element of discourse but its main province has
always been and still is inference.
The Emotive Words
 It’s an adjective tending to excite emotions.
 There are so many words used for expression of feelings & attitude of a man.
 These are used in different ways.
 For sorrow, joy, exclamation, anger, like & dis-like, refusal & detest etc.
 All of these are different attitude of man which is expressed in all these occasions.