“A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.” Wikipedia contributors. "Syllogism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Jun. 2015
Informal Fallacies, Introduction, Explanation, Types of Fallacies,
Formal Fallacy: affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent.
Classification of Fallacies:
Fallacies of relevance: appeal to the populace, fallacy of straw man, the red herring, appeal to force, argument against the person, appeal to emotion, missing the point.
Fallacies of defective induction: appeal to ignorance, appeal to inappropriate, hasty generalization, false cause.
Fallacy of Presumption: beginning the question, complex question, accident.
Fallacies of ambiguity: Equivocation, Composition, Division, Amphiboly, Accent.
Avoidance, strategies, and factors of fallacies
Understanding Logical Argumentation, Structure, and Reasoningmrbelprez
Understanding Logical Argumentation, Structure, and Reasoning by looking at sample arguments in standard and argument form. With practice exercises for argument analysis and Links to supplemental videos.
A deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief, etc.:
That the world is flat was at one time a popular fallacy.
a misleading or unsound argument.
deceptive, misleading, or false nature; erroneousness.
Logic. any of various types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments logically unsound.
Obsolete. deception.
“A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.” Wikipedia contributors. "Syllogism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 7 Jun. 2015. Web. 14 Jun. 2015
Informal Fallacies, Introduction, Explanation, Types of Fallacies,
Formal Fallacy: affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent.
Classification of Fallacies:
Fallacies of relevance: appeal to the populace, fallacy of straw man, the red herring, appeal to force, argument against the person, appeal to emotion, missing the point.
Fallacies of defective induction: appeal to ignorance, appeal to inappropriate, hasty generalization, false cause.
Fallacy of Presumption: beginning the question, complex question, accident.
Fallacies of ambiguity: Equivocation, Composition, Division, Amphiboly, Accent.
Avoidance, strategies, and factors of fallacies
Understanding Logical Argumentation, Structure, and Reasoningmrbelprez
Understanding Logical Argumentation, Structure, and Reasoning by looking at sample arguments in standard and argument form. With practice exercises for argument analysis and Links to supplemental videos.
A deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief, etc.:
That the world is flat was at one time a popular fallacy.
a misleading or unsound argument.
deceptive, misleading, or false nature; erroneousness.
Logic. any of various types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments logically unsound.
Obsolete. deception.
Based from the book : "Logic Made Simple for Filipinos" by Florentino Timbreza here is the summary made into powerpoint of Lesson 12: The Categorical Syllogism.
It Includes:
Introduction to categorical syllogism
General Axioms of the Syllogism
Eight Syllogistic Rules
Figures and Moods of the Categorical Syllogism
Examples in these slides are our own, there were no examples derived from the book.
1.1Arguments, Premises, and ConclusionsHow Logical Are You·.docxbraycarissa250
1.1Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
How Logical Are You?
· After a momentary absence, you return to your table in the library only to find your smartphone is missing. It was there just minutes earlier. You suspect the student sitting next to you took it. After all, she has a guilty look. Also, there is a bulge in her backpack about the size of your phone, and one of the pouches has a loose strap. Then you hear a “ring” come from the backpack—and it’s the same ringtone that you use on your phone. Which of these pieces of evidence best supports your suspicion?
Answer
The best evidence is undoubtedly the “ring” you hear coming from her backpack, which is the same ringtone as the one on your phone. The weakest evidence is probably the “guilty look.” After all, what, exactly, is a guilty look? The bulge in the backpack and the loose strap are of medium value. The loose strap supports the hypothesis that something was quickly inserted into the backpack. In this section of the chapter you will learn that evidentiary statements form the premises of arguments.
Logic may be defined as the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. All of us encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience. We read them in books and newspapers, hear them on television, and formulate them when communicating with friends and associates. The aim of logic is to develop a system of methods and principles that we may use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own. Among the benefits to be expected from the study of logic is an increase in confidence that we are making sense when we criticize the arguments of others and when we advance arguments of our own.
An argument, in its simplest form, is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). Every argument may be placed in either of two basic groups: those in which the premises really do support the conclusion and those in which they do not, even though they are claimed to. The former are said to be good arguments (at least to that extent), the latter bad arguments. The purpose of logic, as the science that evaluates arguments, is thus to develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad.
As is apparent from the given definition, the term argument has a very specific meaning in logic. It does not mean, for example, a mere verbal fight, as one might have with one’s parent, spouse, or friend. Let us examine the features of this definition in greater detail. First of all, an argument is a group of statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false—in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence. The following sentences are statements:
Chocolate truffles are loaded with calories.
Melatonin helps relieve jet lag.
Political can.
1.1Arguments, Premises, and ConclusionsHow Logical Are You·.docxjeremylockett77
1.1Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
How Logical Are You?
· After a momentary absence, you return to your table in the library only to find your smartphone is missing. It was there just minutes earlier. You suspect the student sitting next to you took it. After all, she has a guilty look. Also, there is a bulge in her backpack about the size of your phone, and one of the pouches has a loose strap. Then you hear a “ring” come from the backpack—and it’s the same ringtone that you use on your phone. Which of these pieces of evidence best supports your suspicion?
Answer
The best evidence is undoubtedly the “ring” you hear coming from her backpack, which is the same ringtone as the one on your phone. The weakest evidence is probably the “guilty look.” After all, what, exactly, is a guilty look? The bulge in the backpack and the loose strap are of medium value. The loose strap supports the hypothesis that something was quickly inserted into the backpack. In this section of the chapter you will learn that evidentiary statements form the premises of arguments.
Logic may be defined as the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. All of us encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience. We read them in books and newspapers, hear them on television, and formulate them when communicating with friends and associates. The aim of logic is to develop a system of methods and principles that we may use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own. Among the benefits to be expected from the study of logic is an increase in confidence that we are making sense when we criticize the arguments of others and when we advance arguments of our own.
An argument, in its simplest form, is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). Every argument may be placed in either of two basic groups: those in which the premises really do support the conclusion and those in which they do not, even though they are claimed to. The former are said to be good arguments (at least to that extent), the latter bad arguments. The purpose of logic, as the science that evaluates arguments, is thus to develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad.
As is apparent from the given definition, the term argument has a very specific meaning in logic. It does not mean, for example, a mere verbal fight, as one might have with one’s parent, spouse, or friend. Let us examine the features of this definition in greater detail. First of all, an argument is a group of statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false—in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence. The following sentences are statements:
Chocolate truffles are loaded with calories.
Melatonin helps relieve jet lag.
Political can ...
Analyzing the role of reporting; need and influence in the situation;Zarmeen Durrani
ANALYZING THE ROLE OF REPORTING; NEED AND INFLUENCE IN THE SITUATION
MEDIA CONTRIBUTION TO GOVERNMENT POLICY
USING MEDIA FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSES
EARLY WARNINGS
LOCAL MEDIA
COVERING CONFLICTS
Media freedom, media laws & ethics first amendment slander/libel & invasion of privacy copyrights & intellectual ownership federal communication commission technical/infrastructure web etiquette or netiquette
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
An argument in which it is impossible for a
conclusion to be false if its premises are true.
General Specific
Example
All birds have legs.
Pigeons have legs
Therefore, all pigeons are birds.
3. FORMS OF DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
ARGUMENT BASED ON MATHEMATICS
The conclusion depends on a mathematical or
geometric measurement.
Example: 1+1 = 2
• There’s no room for a different answer by
reevaluating the argument. 1 + 1 will always equal
2. If you have 1+1, then it’ll always equal 2.
4. ARGUMENT FROM DEFINITION
The conclusion is depend on the definition of a word or
phrase used either in a premise or in the conclusion.
Example:
Alex is a cardiologist.
Therefore, Alex is a doctor
5. SYLLOGISM
Syllogism is a form of reasoning in which conclusion is
drawn from two give premises.
o One premises is major premises
o Second premises is a minor premises.
Example
All planets are round (Major Premises)
Earth is a planet (Minor Premises)
Therefore, Earth is round. (Conclusion)
6. • CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
– Made up of exactly two premises and one conclusion. Begin
with the words “all”, “some”, and “no”.
Example:
All fishes swim
Every shark is a fish
Therefore, every shark swims
• HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISMS
– Syllogisms (two premises and one conclusion) that have a
conditional statement for one (or both) of its premises.
Example:
If I do not wake up, then I cannot go to work.
If I cannot go to work, then I will not get paid.
Therefore, if I do not wake up, then I will not get paid.
7. DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
Disjunctive syllogism is a valid argument form which is
a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its
premises.
It is an “ Either, or” statement.
Example
Either he is going to study law or medicine
He is not going to study law
Therefore, he is going to study medicine.
8. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
An argument in which it is improbable for the
conclusion to be false if its premises are true.
Specific General
Example:
Socrates was Greek.
Most Greeks ate fish.
Therefore, Socrates probably ate fish.
9. INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT FORMS
PREDICTION
– An argument that works based off our knowledge of the past in
order to make a claim about the future.
Example:
There tends to be a lot of rain in the Midwest
so it will probably rain there tomorrow.
ARGUMENT FROM ANALOGY
– Depends on the existence of similarity between two
separate things.
Example:
My Honda gets good gas mileage.
So it follows that John’s Honda also gets good gas mileage
10. GENERALIZATION
– An argument that is applied to a whole group based on
knowledge gained from a small sample of people.
Example:
seven out of ten students in school love snooker.
So I can say that half of students in school love snooker.
ARGUMENT FROM AUTHORITY
– An argument that concludes something is true because an expert
said it is.
Example:
Centrum vitamins work because Dr. Jones did a study that proved
it.
11. ARGUMENT BASED ON SIGNS
– Conclusion based on knowledge gained from a sign about
what the sign claims to mean.
Example:
A sign on the side of the road says “School Zone” so I can
assume that a school is somewhere up ahead.
CAUSAL INFERENCE
– Argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim
about its effect, or vice versa, that knowledge of an effect can
provide information about its cause.
Example:
I left a soda in the freezer last night
so I can assume that it is frozen
I can not receive my email.
The internet must be down.