Inflammation
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This presentation summarizes inflammation and its causes, types, signs, and treatments. It defines inflammation as the body's response to tissue damage and infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling and loss of function. Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and lasts a few days, while chronic inflammation persists long-term. Causes include burns, chemicals, infections, and physical injury. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory foods like tomatoes and fish or drugs like paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen to reduce inflammation and speed healing.
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Inflammation
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation and describes the cellular response and mediators involved in acute inflammation. Acute inflammation aims to remove injurious agents, repair tissue damage, and prepare the body for healing. Without inflammation, infections could not be fought off and wounds would never heal. The document outlines the signs of acute (redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function) and differences between acute and chronic inflammation. It discusses the cellular events and outcomes of acute inflammation, as well as special types. Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and tissue destruction or repair over a long period of time.
Inflammation
The document defines inflammation as the body's response to injury or infection that aims to eliminate the injurious agent and damaged tissues. It lists the four cardinal signs of inflammation as redness, swelling, heat, and pain. The types of inflammation are acute, which is short-lived and involves neutrophils, and chronic, which persists long-term and involves lymphocytes and plasma cells. Chemical mediators released from cells and plasma propagate the inflammatory response.
Inflammation
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It discusses how inflammation is the body's protective response to eliminate infectious agents and damage. Inflammation involves immune cells, blood vessels, and proteins that work to remove the cause of injury and initiate repair. The signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation is rapid and short, while chronic inflammation is longer lasting. Chemical mediators produced by cells induce and regulate the inflammatory response.
Inflammation
This document defines inflammation and describes the key cellular and vascular events involved. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, and involves vascular changes such as increased blood flow and permeability, as well as cellular events like the migration of white blood cells. These events are mediated by chemical signaling molecules called mediators, which help regulate the inflammatory response. The document outlines the major mediators involved and their roles in vascular changes, cellular recruitment, and resolution of inflammation.
Inflammation
Introduction, definition, sign , types , causative agents, acute inflammation, Vascular events, cellular events and formation of granuloma.
Infection
This document defines various microbiology terms related to infection. It discusses pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, parasites, commensals, and saprophytes. It also describes different types of infections like primary, secondary, focal, nosocomial, and iatrogenic infections. Modes of transmission are discussed including contact, inhalation, ingestion, and inoculation. Sources of infection from humans, animals, insects, soils, water, and food are outlined. Finally, it briefly touches on types of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and sporadic.
Acute inflammation
Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The main events of acute inflammation are vascular events like vasodilation and increased permeability, and cellular events involving leukocyte recruitment and activation. This results in an inflammatory cell-rich exudate. Acute inflammation can resolve, repair through regeneration or fibrosis, lead to suppuration or pus formation, or progress to chronic inflammation. Examples include acute appendicitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
Cell injury and Cellular Adaptation: Pathology
This document discusses various types of cell injury, including reversible and irreversible injury. It outlines several causes of cell injury, such as hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals/drugs, microbial agents, immunologic agents, and nutritional derangements. The document also discusses various cellular adaptations that cells undergo in response to stress, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Overall, the document provides an overview of the different forms of cell injury, causes of injury, and adaptive cellular responses.
Recommended
Inflammation
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation and describes the cellular response and mediators involved in acute inflammation. Acute inflammation aims to remove injurious agents, repair tissue damage, and prepare the body for healing. Without inflammation, infections could not be fought off and wounds would never heal. The document outlines the signs of acute (redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function) and differences between acute and chronic inflammation. It discusses the cellular events and outcomes of acute inflammation, as well as special types. Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and tissue destruction or repair over a long period of time.
Inflammation
The document defines inflammation as the body's response to injury or infection that aims to eliminate the injurious agent and damaged tissues. It lists the four cardinal signs of inflammation as redness, swelling, heat, and pain. The types of inflammation are acute, which is short-lived and involves neutrophils, and chronic, which persists long-term and involves lymphocytes and plasma cells. Chemical mediators released from cells and plasma propagate the inflammatory response.
Inflammation
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It discusses how inflammation is the body's protective response to eliminate infectious agents and damage. Inflammation involves immune cells, blood vessels, and proteins that work to remove the cause of injury and initiate repair. The signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation is rapid and short, while chronic inflammation is longer lasting. Chemical mediators produced by cells induce and regulate the inflammatory response.
Inflammation
This document defines inflammation and describes the key cellular and vascular events involved. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, and involves vascular changes such as increased blood flow and permeability, as well as cellular events like the migration of white blood cells. These events are mediated by chemical signaling molecules called mediators, which help regulate the inflammatory response. The document outlines the major mediators involved and their roles in vascular changes, cellular recruitment, and resolution of inflammation.
Inflammation
Introduction, definition, sign , types , causative agents, acute inflammation, Vascular events, cellular events and formation of granuloma.
Infection
This document defines various microbiology terms related to infection. It discusses pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, parasites, commensals, and saprophytes. It also describes different types of infections like primary, secondary, focal, nosocomial, and iatrogenic infections. Modes of transmission are discussed including contact, inhalation, ingestion, and inoculation. Sources of infection from humans, animals, insects, soils, water, and food are outlined. Finally, it briefly touches on types of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and sporadic.
Acute inflammation
Acute inflammation is characterized by five signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. The main events of acute inflammation are vascular events like vasodilation and increased permeability, and cellular events involving leukocyte recruitment and activation. This results in an inflammatory cell-rich exudate. Acute inflammation can resolve, repair through regeneration or fibrosis, lead to suppuration or pus formation, or progress to chronic inflammation. Examples include acute appendicitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
Cell injury and Cellular Adaptation: Pathology
This document discusses various types of cell injury, including reversible and irreversible injury. It outlines several causes of cell injury, such as hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals/drugs, microbial agents, immunologic agents, and nutritional derangements. The document also discusses various cellular adaptations that cells undergo in response to stress, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Overall, the document provides an overview of the different forms of cell injury, causes of injury, and adaptive cellular responses.
Cell injury, Etiology, Pathogenesis, & Morphology of cell Injury
cell injury
normal cell
etiology of cell injury
pathogenesis of cell injury
morphology of cell injury
Healing and repair
Healing occurs through regeneration or scar formation depending on the cell and injury type. Wound healing follows two main pathways: primary intention for clean surgical wounds where edges are approximated, or secondary intention for wounds with separated edges and more tissue death. The process involves inflammation, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, wound contraction and ECM deposition. Several local and systemic factors can delay healing including infection, poor blood supply, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies.
Cellular adaptations
This document discusses various types of cellular adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia. Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and number. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size but not number. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Metaplasia is a change from one adult cell type to another. Dysplasia refers to abnormal cell shapes and sizes that can progress to cancer. Cellular adaptations provide clues for pathologists to diagnose disease.
Wound healing
The document defines a wound as a break in the skin or tissues that disrupts structure and function. Wounds are classified based on skin integrity, cause, severity, cleanliness, and descriptive quality. Open wounds involve a break in skin or mucous membranes, while closed wounds do not. Wounds can be clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, infected, or colonized depending on the presence of microorganisms. The healing process occurs in inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phases. Factors like nutrition, blood supply, infection, and smoking can affect wound healing. Complications include hemorrhage, infection, and delayed closure.
Immunity
Immunity can be innate or acquired. Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate protection against pathogens. It involves physical and chemical barriers as well as immune cells that attack foreign cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection through the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells. Both active and passive immunity can be natural or artificial. Active immunity develops through exposure while passive immunity involves transfer of readymade antibodies.
Patho inflammation
This document discusses inflammation and healing. It defines inflammation as the local response of living tissues to injury. The causes of inflammation can be exogenous, such as physical or chemical agents, or endogenous like circulation disorders or metabolic products. The classic signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Acute inflammation involves rapid onset and short duration, while chronic inflammation has insidious onset and longer duration. Acute inflammation is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration. Chronic inflammation features infiltration by mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, along with simultaneous tissue destruction and healing.
Chronic inflammation
1) Chronic inflammation is inflammation of prolonged duration that can occur following acute inflammation or persistently as active inflammation, often resulting in tissue destruction and repair processes.
2) Causes of chronic inflammation include persistent infections, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, and autoimmunity.
3) Morphological features of chronic inflammation are characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, tissue destruction by these inflammatory cells, and attempts at repair through fibrosis and new blood vessel formation.
Cellular adaptation
Cells can adapt to changes in their environment through various processes including hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and atrophy is a decrease in cell size or number. Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another. Dysplasia involves disordered cellular development and proliferation with cytological abnormalities. These adaptations allow cells to survive stresses and ensure tissue homeostasis.
Cell injury
This document discusses cell injury and cell death. It defines cell injury as a change in cell structure, metabolism or function that impairs its vital activity. Causes of cell injury include internal stresses like metabolic imbalances and external stresses such as physical agents, toxins, and chemicals. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible and lead to cell death through mechanisms like necrosis, autolysis, or apoptosis. Signs of cell injury include morphological changes, functional impairments, and metabolic derangements. Specific types of cell injury discussed include fatty change, pigmentation, calcification, amyloidosis, and various forms of necrosis.
Introduction to pathology
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the scientific study of disease and discusses its main branches of general pathology and systemic pathology. It also outlines several key techniques used in pathology like microbiologic, molecular, immunologic, and morphologic analysis. The document then discusses key aspects of the disease process including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and molecular and morphologic changes. It provides examples of different types of etiologies and explains key pathology concepts such as reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, and intracellular accumulations.
Infection ppt
Microorganisms can cause disease when they enter the body and find a favorable environment. An infection occurs through a chain of events - a pathogen must have a reservoir, exit the reservoir, be transmitted to a new host, enter through a portal, and find a susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain can prevent transmission and infection. Common ways to do this include proper hygiene, sterilization, use of antiseptics, vaccination, and strengthening a host's defenses.
Pathogenesis of cell injury
1. The presentation discusses the pathogenesis of cell injury, outlining factors like the type, duration, and severity of injurious stimuli and the target cell's adaptability.
2. Common mechanisms of cell injury are discussed, including ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, calcium influx, oxidative stress, and membrane permeability defects.
3. Specific causes of injury like ischemia and hypoxia can lead to ATP loss, pH changes, impaired sodium pumping, and decreased protein synthesis, ultimately causing reversible or irreversible cell injury.
Irreversible cell injury
The molecular mechanisms connecting cell injury to cell death are complex and not fully understood. There are many potential causes of cell injury that may or may not be fatal, and the "point of no return" where damage becomes irreversible is still unclear. Additionally, cells can die through different pathways, making the definition of irreversible injury difficult. Cell injury can result in either reversible or irreversible cell death through mechanisms like apoptosis, the body's normal programmed cell death process, or necrosis, pathological cell death resulting in inflammation.
Immunity
This document defines and describes different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, local immunity, and herd immunity. It discusses the differences between innate and acquired immunity, as well as active and passive acquired immunity. Active immunity can be natural, resulting from infection, or artificial through vaccination. Passive immunity can be natural, transferred from mother to child, or artificial through administration of antibodies. Local and herd immunity are also summarized.
Chronic inflammation
1. Chronic inflammation is defined as prolonged inflammation where tissue destruction and inflammation occur simultaneously over a long period.
2. It can occur through three pathways: following acute inflammation, recurrent acute attacks, or starting gradually without an initial acute phase.
3. Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear infiltration, ongoing tissue damage or necrosis, and proliferative changes in tissues.
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammation
The document defines inflammation and its causes. It describes acute inflammation and the associated vascular events that occur, including transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation and increased blood flow. This causes alterations in vascular permeability, initially allowing a plasma transudate to form and later an inflammatory exudate due to direct endothelial cell damage or the effects of chemical mediators. These vascular events underlie the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
Necrosis
Necrosis is the death of cells and living tissue. It occurs when there is not enough blood flow to tissues. The main types of necrosis are coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and gangrenous. Coagulative necrosis occurs due to ischemia and results in a gel-like substance in dead tissues. Liquefactive necrosis results from infections and the digestion of dead cells into pus. Caseous necrosis is caused by bacteria and fungi and leaves dead tissue that looks like clumped cheese. Gangrenous necrosis resembles mummified tissue and is characteristic of lower limb and gastrointestinal ischemia. Treatment of necrosis involves restoring blood flow, antibiotics to prevent infection, and debridement to remove dead tissues.
chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged host response to persistent stimuli that involves lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells. It is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells and macrophages, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis and angiogenesis. Chronic inflammation can result from acute inflammation turning persistent, infections, hypersensitivity, or prolonged toxic exposure. It causes diseases like atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation seen in diseases like tuberculosis that involves collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells forming granulomas.
Necrosis
Necrosis is the morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissues. It can be caused by ischemia, physical agents, chemical agents, or immunological injury. The main types of necrosis include coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, caseous necrosis, fat necrosis, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture with denatured proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells. Liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid viscous mass. Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis seen in tuberculosis that leaves cheesy white tissue.
Mechanism of inflammation
This document discusses the mechanisms of inflammation. It defines inflammation as a protective response against injury from various causes. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The components of the inflammatory response include plasma proteins, circulating cells, connective tissue, and the extracellular matrix. Acute inflammation involves vascular changes like increased permeability and cellular changes like chemotaxis and phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Chronic inflammation is prolonged and involves mononuclear cell infiltration and tissue destruction and repair.
inflamation.pptx
Introduction:
Inflammation is a natural process that occurs in response to injury, infection, or tissue damage. It involves a complex series of events that help the body to defend itself, eliminate harmful agents, and promote healing. However, inflammation can also be harmful if it becomes chronic or excessive, leading to tissue damage and chronic diseases. This presentation will provide an overview of inflammation, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Outline:
What is inflammation?
Definition and types of inflammation (acute vs. chronic)
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation
Causes of inflammation
Infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.)
Injuries (cuts, bruises, burns, etc.)
Autoimmune disorders
Lifestyle factors (diet, stress, lack of sleep, etc.)
Symptoms of inflammation
Local symptoms (redness, swelling, pain, heat)
Systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue, loss of appetite)
Chronic inflammation symptoms (joint pain, fatigue, weight gain)
Diagnosis and treatment of inflammation
Diagnostic tests (blood tests, imaging, biopsies)
Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, corticosteroids, biologics)
Lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise, stress management)
Alternative therapies (acupuncture, massage, supplements)
Conclusion:
Inflammation is a complex process that can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the body. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for managing acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, seeking medical attention when necessary, and following the prescribed treatment plan, individuals can reduce their risk of developing chronic inflammation and related diseases.
Infections vs inflammation
In this slideshow, we discuss the differences between infections and inflammation, signs and symptoms, types and treatment.
Hopefully you find it useful.
Leave a like if you learned new things.
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Cell injury, Etiology, Pathogenesis, & Morphology of cell Injury
cell injury
normal cell
etiology of cell injury
pathogenesis of cell injury
morphology of cell injury
Healing and repair
Healing occurs through regeneration or scar formation depending on the cell and injury type. Wound healing follows two main pathways: primary intention for clean surgical wounds where edges are approximated, or secondary intention for wounds with separated edges and more tissue death. The process involves inflammation, granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization, wound contraction and ECM deposition. Several local and systemic factors can delay healing including infection, poor blood supply, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies.
Cellular adaptations
This document discusses various types of cellular adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia. Atrophy is a reduction in cell size and number. Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size but not number. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Metaplasia is a change from one adult cell type to another. Dysplasia refers to abnormal cell shapes and sizes that can progress to cancer. Cellular adaptations provide clues for pathologists to diagnose disease.
Wound healing
The document defines a wound as a break in the skin or tissues that disrupts structure and function. Wounds are classified based on skin integrity, cause, severity, cleanliness, and descriptive quality. Open wounds involve a break in skin or mucous membranes, while closed wounds do not. Wounds can be clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, infected, or colonized depending on the presence of microorganisms. The healing process occurs in inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phases. Factors like nutrition, blood supply, infection, and smoking can affect wound healing. Complications include hemorrhage, infection, and delayed closure.
Immunity
Immunity can be innate or acquired. Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate protection against pathogens. It involves physical and chemical barriers as well as immune cells that attack foreign cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection through the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells. Both active and passive immunity can be natural or artificial. Active immunity develops through exposure while passive immunity involves transfer of readymade antibodies.
Patho inflammation
This document discusses inflammation and healing. It defines inflammation as the local response of living tissues to injury. The causes of inflammation can be exogenous, such as physical or chemical agents, or endogenous like circulation disorders or metabolic products. The classic signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Acute inflammation involves rapid onset and short duration, while chronic inflammation has insidious onset and longer duration. Acute inflammation is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration. Chronic inflammation features infiltration by mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, along with simultaneous tissue destruction and healing.
Chronic inflammation
1) Chronic inflammation is inflammation of prolonged duration that can occur following acute inflammation or persistently as active inflammation, often resulting in tissue destruction and repair processes.
2) Causes of chronic inflammation include persistent infections, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, and autoimmunity.
3) Morphological features of chronic inflammation are characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, tissue destruction by these inflammatory cells, and attempts at repair through fibrosis and new blood vessel formation.
Cellular adaptation
Cells can adapt to changes in their environment through various processes including hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, hypertrophy is an increase in cell size, and atrophy is a decrease in cell size or number. Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type replaces another. Dysplasia involves disordered cellular development and proliferation with cytological abnormalities. These adaptations allow cells to survive stresses and ensure tissue homeostasis.
Cell injury
This document discusses cell injury and cell death. It defines cell injury as a change in cell structure, metabolism or function that impairs its vital activity. Causes of cell injury include internal stresses like metabolic imbalances and external stresses such as physical agents, toxins, and chemicals. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible and lead to cell death through mechanisms like necrosis, autolysis, or apoptosis. Signs of cell injury include morphological changes, functional impairments, and metabolic derangements. Specific types of cell injury discussed include fatty change, pigmentation, calcification, amyloidosis, and various forms of necrosis.
Introduction to pathology
This document provides an introduction to pathology. It defines pathology as the scientific study of disease and discusses its main branches of general pathology and systemic pathology. It also outlines several key techniques used in pathology like microbiologic, molecular, immunologic, and morphologic analysis. The document then discusses key aspects of the disease process including etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and molecular and morphologic changes. It provides examples of different types of etiologies and explains key pathology concepts such as reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis, apoptosis, and intracellular accumulations.
Infection ppt
Microorganisms can cause disease when they enter the body and find a favorable environment. An infection occurs through a chain of events - a pathogen must have a reservoir, exit the reservoir, be transmitted to a new host, enter through a portal, and find a susceptible host. Breaking any link in the chain can prevent transmission and infection. Common ways to do this include proper hygiene, sterilization, use of antiseptics, vaccination, and strengthening a host's defenses.
Pathogenesis of cell injury
1. The presentation discusses the pathogenesis of cell injury, outlining factors like the type, duration, and severity of injurious stimuli and the target cell's adaptability.
2. Common mechanisms of cell injury are discussed, including ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, calcium influx, oxidative stress, and membrane permeability defects.
3. Specific causes of injury like ischemia and hypoxia can lead to ATP loss, pH changes, impaired sodium pumping, and decreased protein synthesis, ultimately causing reversible or irreversible cell injury.
Irreversible cell injury
The molecular mechanisms connecting cell injury to cell death are complex and not fully understood. There are many potential causes of cell injury that may or may not be fatal, and the "point of no return" where damage becomes irreversible is still unclear. Additionally, cells can die through different pathways, making the definition of irreversible injury difficult. Cell injury can result in either reversible or irreversible cell death through mechanisms like apoptosis, the body's normal programmed cell death process, or necrosis, pathological cell death resulting in inflammation.
Immunity
This document defines and describes different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, local immunity, and herd immunity. It discusses the differences between innate and acquired immunity, as well as active and passive acquired immunity. Active immunity can be natural, resulting from infection, or artificial through vaccination. Passive immunity can be natural, transferred from mother to child, or artificial through administration of antibodies. Local and herd immunity are also summarized.
Chronic inflammation
1. Chronic inflammation is defined as prolonged inflammation where tissue destruction and inflammation occur simultaneously over a long period.
2. It can occur through three pathways: following acute inflammation, recurrent acute attacks, or starting gradually without an initial acute phase.
3. Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear infiltration, ongoing tissue damage or necrosis, and proliferative changes in tissues.
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammation
The document defines inflammation and its causes. It describes acute inflammation and the associated vascular events that occur, including transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation and increased blood flow. This causes alterations in vascular permeability, initially allowing a plasma transudate to form and later an inflammatory exudate due to direct endothelial cell damage or the effects of chemical mediators. These vascular events underlie the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
Necrosis
Necrosis is the death of cells and living tissue. It occurs when there is not enough blood flow to tissues. The main types of necrosis are coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, and gangrenous. Coagulative necrosis occurs due to ischemia and results in a gel-like substance in dead tissues. Liquefactive necrosis results from infections and the digestion of dead cells into pus. Caseous necrosis is caused by bacteria and fungi and leaves dead tissue that looks like clumped cheese. Gangrenous necrosis resembles mummified tissue and is characteristic of lower limb and gastrointestinal ischemia. Treatment of necrosis involves restoring blood flow, antibiotics to prevent infection, and debridement to remove dead tissues.
chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged host response to persistent stimuli that involves lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells. It is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells and macrophages, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis and angiogenesis. Chronic inflammation can result from acute inflammation turning persistent, infections, hypersensitivity, or prolonged toxic exposure. It causes diseases like atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation seen in diseases like tuberculosis that involves collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells forming granulomas.
Necrosis
Necrosis is the morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissues. It can be caused by ischemia, physical agents, chemical agents, or immunological injury. The main types of necrosis include coagulative necrosis, liquefactive necrosis, caseous necrosis, fat necrosis, and fibrinoid necrosis. Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture with denatured proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells. Liquefactive necrosis results in a liquid viscous mass. Caseous necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis seen in tuberculosis that leaves cheesy white tissue.
Mechanism of inflammation
This document discusses the mechanisms of inflammation. It defines inflammation as a protective response against injury from various causes. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. The components of the inflammatory response include plasma proteins, circulating cells, connective tissue, and the extracellular matrix. Acute inflammation involves vascular changes like increased permeability and cellular changes like chemotaxis and phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. Chronic inflammation is prolonged and involves mononuclear cell infiltration and tissue destruction and repair.
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Cell injury, Etiology, Pathogenesis, & Morphology of cell Injury
Cell injury, Etiology, Pathogenesis, & Morphology of cell Injury
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammation
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Similar to Inflammation
inflamation.pptx
Introduction:
Inflammation is a natural process that occurs in response to injury, infection, or tissue damage. It involves a complex series of events that help the body to defend itself, eliminate harmful agents, and promote healing. However, inflammation can also be harmful if it becomes chronic or excessive, leading to tissue damage and chronic diseases. This presentation will provide an overview of inflammation, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Outline:
What is inflammation?
Definition and types of inflammation (acute vs. chronic)
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation
Causes of inflammation
Infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.)
Injuries (cuts, bruises, burns, etc.)
Autoimmune disorders
Lifestyle factors (diet, stress, lack of sleep, etc.)
Symptoms of inflammation
Local symptoms (redness, swelling, pain, heat)
Systemic symptoms (fever, fatigue, loss of appetite)
Chronic inflammation symptoms (joint pain, fatigue, weight gain)
Diagnosis and treatment of inflammation
Diagnostic tests (blood tests, imaging, biopsies)
Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, corticosteroids, biologics)
Lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise, stress management)
Alternative therapies (acupuncture, massage, supplements)
Conclusion:
Inflammation is a complex process that can have both beneficial and harmful effects on the body. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment options is essential for managing acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, seeking medical attention when necessary, and following the prescribed treatment plan, individuals can reduce their risk of developing chronic inflammation and related diseases.
Infections vs inflammation
In this slideshow, we discuss the differences between infections and inflammation, signs and symptoms, types and treatment.
Hopefully you find it useful.
Leave a like if you learned new things.
Inflammation
This document discusses inflammation and its role in the body's healing process. It describes acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initial rapid response to harmful stimuli and involves increased blood flow, capillary permeability, and migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the injured site. The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation are pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response that can last months or years and result from failure to eliminate the initial trigger, an autoimmune response, or persistent irritation. Chronic inflammation can lead to diseases like arthritis and atherosclerosis if not well regulated.
1inflammation.pptx
Presentation on basics of inflammation.
Use mainly in mbbs first year student
Also useful in graduation
Pathophysiology-Unit 2.pptx
The document describes the stages of infectious disease and the mechanisms of inflammation. It discusses the five stages of infection as incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence. It then explains the purpose and physiological mechanisms of inflammation, including the five cardinal signs of inflammation. Finally, it differentiates between acute and chronic inflammation, noting that acute inflammation involves increased blood flow and leukocyte migration, while chronic inflammation lasts months or years.
Inflammation
This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation and describes the signs and types, including acute and chronic inflammation. For acute inflammation, it details the vascular events of altered microvasculature, including hemodynamic changes and increased vascular permeability. It also describes the cellular events of exudation of leukocytes and phagocytosis. It lists the chemical mediators of inflammation released by cells and originating from plasma. It discusses the regulation of inflammation and factors determining the inflammatory response. It outlines the morphology, systemic effects, and fate of acute inflammation. It defines chronic inflammation and describes its causes, features, types, histological features, and systemic effects.
Hypersensitivities
hypersensitivity Undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system. Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response that results in tissue damage and is manifested in the individual on a second or subsequent contact with an antigen. Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified as either immediate or delayed. Obviously immediate reactions appear faster than delayed ones, but the main difference between them is the nature of the immune response to the antigen.
Inflammation
Inflammation is the body's response to infection, injury, or irritation. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation occurs rapidly and is short-lived, while chronic inflammation persists over a longer period of time. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines are released from platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells to regulate the inflammatory response. Defective or excessive inflammation can lead to increased susceptibility to infection or disease.
Inflammation
Acute inflammation is the early response of tissues to injury and involves vascular and cellular events. The vascular events include vasodilation, increased vascular permeability allowing plasma proteins to leave circulation, and accumulation of leukocytes from the blood vessels into tissues. The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are neutrophils. The cellular events in acute inflammation help destroy, dilute or isolate injurious agents. Mediators of acute inflammation include histamine, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, complement factors and cytokines. Acute inflammation is rapid in onset, relatively short in duration and aims to return tissues to normal function.
Inflammation in skin
1. Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection that involves blood vessels, immune cells, and chemical mediators.
2. Chemical mediators of inflammation include vasoactive amines, peptides, lipid mediators, cytokines, and enzymes that are released from immune cells and damaged tissues. These mediators cause changes like increased blood flow and vascular permeability.
3. The inflammatory response aims to destroy and isolate the injurious agent while facilitating tissue repair. Prolonged inflammation can lead to chronic disease if the trigger persists.
INFLAMMATION.pptx
Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is short-lived, involving neutrophils and fluid/protein exudation to repair injured tissue. Chronic inflammation lasts months to years, associated with lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessel growth and fibrosis. It results from persistent stimuli that acute inflammation cannot resolve, like certain infections, autoimmune responses, or repeated acute insults.
INFLAMMATION.pptx
Inflammation can be either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is short-lived, involving neutrophils and fluid/protein exudation to repair injured tissue. Chronic inflammation lasts months to years, associated with lymphocytes, macrophages, new blood vessel growth and fibrosis. Chronic inflammation occurs when an irritant persists and the acute response cannot resolve it, leading to long-term tissue damage and systemic effects like fever and anemia.
Inflammation: Introduction
Inflammation is the body's response to infection, injury, or irritation. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain at the site of injury or infection. When tissue is damaged, chemicals are released that cause blood vessels to become leaky and allow immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to migrate to the injured site. These cells destroy and remove pathogens, limit their spread, and initiate tissue repair. Acute inflammation resolves quickly, while chronic inflammation persists long-term and can damage tissue over years.
Inflammation.pptx
This document defines inflammation and describes the key components and processes involved. Inflammation is the protective response by host tissues to injury or infection, characterized by increased blood flow, immune cell migration, and exudation of fluid. The goals are to eliminate the injurious stimulus, repair damage, and return tissues to normal. Acute inflammation is rapid and short-lived, involving neutrophil migration and exudate formation. Outcomes include complete resolution, healing through fibrosis, or progression to chronic inflammation if the stimulus persists.
5.Allergy.pptx
Allergies are the result of your immune system's response to a substance. Immune responses can be mild, from coughing and a runny nose, to a life-threatening reaction know as anaphylaxis.
A person becomes allergic when their body develops antigens against a substance
The purpose of the immune system is to defend itself and keep microorganisms, such as certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi, out of the body, and to destroy any infectious microorganisms that do invade the body.
The immune system is made up of a complex and vital network of cells and organs that protect the body from infection.
The organs involved with the immune system are called the lymphoid organs. They affect growth, development, and the release of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are important parts of the lymphoid organs.
They carry the lymphocytes to and from different areas in the body.
Each lymphoid organ plays a role in the production and activation of lymphocytes.
Allergy.ppt
Allergies are the result of your immune system's response to a substance. Immune responses can be mild, from coughing and a runny nose, to a life-threatening reaction know as anaphylaxis.
A person becomes allergic when their body develops antigens against a substance.
The purpose of the immune system is to defend itself and keep microorganisms, such as certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi, out of the body, and to destroy any infectious microorganisms that do invade the body.
The immune system is made up of a complex and vital network of cells and organs that protect the body from infection.
The organs involved with the immune system are called the lymphoid organs. They affect growth, development, and the release of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are important parts of the lymphoid organs.
They carry the lymphocytes to and from different areas in the body.
Each lymphoid organ plays a role in the production and activation of lymphocytes.
Lymphoid organs include:
Adenoids (two glands located at the back of the nasal passages)
Appendix (a small tube that is connected to the large intestine)
Blood vessels (the arteries, veins, and capillaries through which blood flows)
Bone marrow (the soft, fatty tissue found in bone cavities)
Lymph nodes (small organs shaped like beans, which are located throughout the body and connect via the lymphatic vessels)
Lymphatic vessels (a network of channels throughout the body that carries lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and bloodstream)
Peyer's patches (lymphoid tissue in the small intestine)
Spleen (a fist-sized organ located in the abdominal cavity)
Thymus (two lobes that join in front of the trachea behind the breast bone)
Tonsils (two oval masses in the back of the throat)
Lymphoid organs include:
Adenoids (two glands located at the back of the nasal passages)
Appendix (a small tube that is connected to the large intestine)
Blood vessels (the arteries, veins, and capillaries through which blood flows)
Bone marrow (the soft, fatty tissue found in bone cavities)
Lymph nodes (small organs shaped like beans, which are located throughout the body and connect via the lymphatic vessels)
Lymphatic vessels (a network of channels throughout the body that carries lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and bloodstream)
Peyer's patches (lymphoid tissue in the small intestine)
Spleen (a fist-sized organ located in the abdominal cavity)
Thymus (two lobes that join in front of the trachea behind the breast bone)
Tonsils (two oval masses in the back of the throat)
Anaphylactic shock, also called anaphylaxis, is a severe, life-threatening reaction to certain allergens.
Body tissues may swell, including tissues in the throat.
Anaphylactic shock is also characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure.
The following are the most common symptoms of anaphylactic shock.
However, each person may experience symptoms differently.
INFLAMMATION.pptx
This document discusses inflammation and wound healing. It begins by defining inflammation as the body's protective response to tissue injury. The causes of inflammation include microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical trauma, chemicals, and tissue necrosis. The signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and complement proteins are released in response to injury and stimulate the inflammatory response. This includes increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and recruitment of immune cells to the injured site to clear infection and initiate repair. Both acute and chronic inflammation aim to remove harmful stimuli and initiate healing, though chronic inflammation can lead to fibrosis and tissue damage if the stimulus
Acute Inflammation for j 25
Acute inflammation is characterized by rapid onset, short duration, and neutrophil infiltration. It serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off injurious agents. The key steps are vascular changes that increase blood flow and permeability, allowing plasma proteins and leukocytes to exit circulation and reach injured tissues. Leukocytes are recruited through chemotaxis and remove pathogens via phagocytosis. Mediators like histamine and prostaglandins regulate vascular changes and leukocyte behavior. Common patterns include purulent inflammation seen in abscesses and serous inflammation seen in effusions. Acute inflammation typically resolves completely or leads to scarring, and can progress to chronic inflammation if the cause persists.
Chronic Inflammation by Akash Das
This PPT is all about Chronic Inflammation
Contact: 9051573288 , ad572886@gmail.com
Akash Das BMRIT 2nd Year
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Infrared region
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- 2. Name: MD. Zahirul Islam Roll:333 Batch:12th Presentation of Inflammation
- 3. Inflammation Inflammation is the body response to tissue damage and infection. Inflammation maybe defined as a localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation , injury, or infection characterized by pain , redness, swelling, ad sometimes loss of function
- 4. Causes of inflammation inflammation causes are: 1.Burns 2. Chemical irritants 3. Frostoite 4. Toxins 5. Infection by pathogens 6. Physical injury or blunt 7.Ionizing radiation
- 5. Classification of inflammation Inflammation can be classified to types: 1. Acute inflammation 2. Chronic inflammation
- 6. Acute inflammation any inflammation that has a fairly rapid onset, quickly becomes severe, and is usually manifested for only a few days, but that may persist for even a few weeks
- 7. Sign of Acute inflammation Acute inflammation signs are: 1. Redness 2. Increase heat 3. Swelling 4. Pain and 5. Loss of heat
- 8. Redness and heat are due to increased blood flow at body core temperature to the inflammed site. Swelling is caused by accumulation of fluids. Pain is due to release of chemical that stimulate nerve ending . Loss of function has multiple causes.
- 9. Chronic inflammation Chronic Inflammation that may have a rapid or slow onset but is characterized primarily by its persistence and lack of clear resolution; it occurs when the tissues are unable to overcome the effects of the injuring agent.
- 10. Sign of Chronic inflammation 1.Ongoing, irritating pain in the body (like the joints or muscles) 2.Allergies or asthma (especially when they keep getting worse) 3.High blood pressure or blood sugar problems 4. Ulcers and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (constipation or diarrhea) 5. Constant fatigue or lethargy 6. Skin problems or red, bloodshot eyes.
- 11. Sequence of inflammatory response inflammatory response are summarized by 7 steps: 1.Entry of microbes 2. Vasodilation of microcirculation resulting in increase blood flow 3. An increase in vascular permeability . 4. Filtration into the tissue which leads to swelling 5.Exit of nuotrophils from the vessel into tissue 6.Phagocytosis and destruction of microbes 7. Tissue repair
- 12. Cellular components involved inflammation The Cellular components involves leukocytes which normally reside in blood and must move into the inflamed tissue by extravasation to aid in inflammation.some act as phagocytes ingesting bacteria viruses and cellular debris which devolop and maintain the inflammatory response.
- 13. inflammatory disorders While after injury or in certain conditions inflammation is a normal, healthy response, inflammatory disorders that result in the immune system attacking the body's own cells or tissues may cause abnormal inflammation, which results in chronic pain, redness, swelling, stiffness, and damage to normal tissues.
- 14. List of inflammatory disorders 1.Acne vulgaris 2.Asthma 3.autoimmune diseases 4.Glomerulonephirtis 5.Hypersensitivities 6.Inflammatory bowl disease 7.Pelvic inflammatory disease 8.vasculitis
- 15. Prevention of inflammation Prevention of Inflammation in the body are two ways 1. Anti inflammatory food 2. Anti inflammatory drugs
- 16. Anti inflammatory food Anti inflammatory foods are: tomatoes. olive oil. green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and collards. nuts like almonds and walnuts. fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines. fruits such as strawberries, blueberries, cherries.
- 17. Anti inflammatory drugs Anti inflammatory drugs are: 1.Paracetamol 2.Aspirin 3.Acetaminophen 4.ibuprofen
- 18. Thanks to All