This document provides an overview of inflammation. It discusses how inflammation is the body's protective response to eliminate infectious agents and damage. Inflammation involves immune cells, blood vessels, and proteins that work to remove the cause of injury and initiate repair. The signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation is rapid and short, while chronic inflammation is longer lasting. Chemical mediators produced by cells induce and regulate the inflammatory response.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Definition of inflammation, Causes, Signs of inflammation, Types of inflammation, Triple response, Phagocytosis, Transudate or Exudate, Difference between transudate and exudate, Granuloma and Granulomatous inflammation
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Definition of inflammation, Causes, Signs of inflammation, Types of inflammation, Triple response, Phagocytosis, Transudate or Exudate, Difference between transudate and exudate, Granuloma and Granulomatous inflammation
Inflammation is a fundamental process for human survival, this lecture covers the basics of the process, its components and affects. Developing an understanding of this process will enable the student to comprehend this omnipresent process and how it is directly linked to our survival.
Inflammation is a fundamental process for human survival, this lecture covers the basics of the process, its components and affects. Developing an understanding of this process will enable the student to comprehend this omnipresent process and how it is directly linked to our survival.
Inflammation is the reaction of living tissues to all forms of injury.
Inflammation is essentially a protective response intended to destroy invading microorganism inactivate toxins and to achieve healing and repair.
Inflammation is a protective immune vascular response that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Overview of Inflammation
The survival of all organisms requires that they
eliminate foreign invaders, such as infectious agents,
and damaged tissues
These functions are mediated by a complex host
response called inflammation
Inflammation is a protective response involving host
cells, blood vessels, and proteins and other mediators
that is intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell
injury, as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting
from the original insult, and to initiate the process of
repair
3. Inflammation accomplishes its protective mission by first
diluting, destroying, or otherwise neutralizing harmful
agents (e.g., microbes, toxins)
It then sets into motion the events that eventually heal and
repair the sites of injury.
Without inflammation, infections would go unchecked
and wounds would never heal
The cells and molecules of host defense, including
leukocytes and plasma proteins, normally circulate in the
blood, and the goal of the inflammatory reaction is to bring
them to the site of infection or tissue damage.
In addition, resident cells of vascular walls and the cells
and proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are also
involved in inflammation and repair (Fig. 2–1)
4.
5. Inflammation can be acute or chronic
Acute inflammation is rapid in onset and of short
duration, lasting from a few minutes to as long as a few
days, and is characterized by fluid and plasma protein
exudation and a predominantly neutrophilic leukocyte
accumulation
Chronic inflammation may be more insidious, is of
longer duration (days to years), and is typified by
influx of lymphocytes and macrophages with
associated vascular proliferation and fibrosis
(scarring).
6. Inflammation is induced by chemical mediators that
are produced by host cells in response to injurious
stimuli
7. When a microbe enters a tissue or the tissue is injured, the
presence of the infection or damage is sensed by resident
cells, mainly macrophages, but also dendritic cells, mast
cells, and other cell types
These cells secrete molecules (cytokines and other
mediators) that induce and regulate the subsequent
inflammatory response
Some of these mediators promote the efflux of plasma and
the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to the site where
the offending agent is located
The recruited leukocytes are activated and they try to
remove the offending agent by phagocytosis
8. Cardinal Signs
The external manifestations of inflammation, often called its
cardinal signs, are
heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and
loss of function (functio laesa)
These manifestations occur as consequences of the vascular
changes and leukocyte recruitment and activation,
Inflammation is normally controlled and self-limited
The mediators and cells are activated only in response to the
injurious stimulus and are short-lived, and they are degraded or
become inactive as the injurious agent is eliminated
9. In addition, various anti-inflammatory mechanisms
become active.
If the injurious agent cannot be quickly eliminated,
the result may be chronic inflammation, which can
have serious pathologic consequences
10.
11. ACUTE INFLAMMATION
The acute inflammatory response rapidly delivers
leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury
Once there, leukocytes clear the invaders and begin
the process of digesting and getting rid of necrotic
tissues
Acute inflammation has two major components (Fig.
2–2):
12. Vascular changes: alterations in vessel caliber resulting in
increased blood flow (vasodilation) and changes in the
vessel wall that permit plasma proteins to leave the
circulation (increased vascular permeability)
In addition, endothelial cells are activated, resulting in
increased adhesion of leukocytes and migration of the
leukocytes through the vessel wall
Cellular events: emigration of the leukocytes from the
circulation and accumulation in the focus of injury
(cellular recruitment), followed by activation of the
leukocytes,
Enabling them to eliminate the offending agent.
The principal leukocytes in acute inflammation are
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
13.
14. Stimuli for Acute Inflammation
Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
Trauma and various physical and chemical agents (e.g.,
thermal injury, such as burns or frostbite; irradiation;
toxicity
Tissue necrosis (from any cause), including ischemia and
physical and chemical injury
Foreign bodies (splinters, dirt, sutures, crystal deposits)
Immune reactions (also called hypersensitivity reactions)
against environmental substances or against “self” tissues.
15. Recognition of Microbes, Necrotic Cells,
and Foreign Substances
It was postulated that microbes and dead cells must elicit
some sort of “danger signals” that distinguish them from
normal tissues and mobilize the host response
It is now established that phagocytes, dendritic cells and
many other cells, such as epithelial cells, express receptors
that are designed to sense the presence of infectious
pathogens and substances released from dead cells
These receptors have been called “pattern recognition
receptors” because they recognize structures (i.e.,
molecular patterns) that are common to many microbes or
to dead cells
16. Toll-like receptors (TLRs): are microbial sensors which
recognize products of bacteria (such as endotoxin and
bacterial DNA), viruses (such as double stranded
RNA), and other pathogens (Fig. 2–3, A)
TLRs are located in plasma membranes and
endosomes, so they are able to detect extracellular and
ingested microbes
TLRs and the other receptors recognize products of
different types of microbes and thus provide defense
against essentially all classes of infectious pathogens
17. Recognition of microbes by these receptors activates
transcription factors that stimulate the production of a
number of secreted and membrane proteins
These proteins include mediators of inflammation,
antiviral cytokines (interferons), and proteins that
promote lymphocyte activation and even more potent
immune responses
18.
19. Vascular Changes
The main vascular reactions of acute inflammation are
increased blood flow secondary to vasodilation and
increased vascular permeability, both designed to bring
blood cells and proteins to sites of infection or injury
20. Changes in Vascular Caliber and Flow
After transient vasoconstriction (lasting only for seconds),
arteriolar vasodilation occurs, resulting in locally increased
blood flow and engorgement of the down-stream capillary
beds
This vascular expansion is the cause of the redness
(erythema) and warmth characteristic of acute
inflammation
The microvasculature becomes more permeable, and
protein-rich fluid moves into the extravascular tissues
This causes the red cells in the flowing blood to become
more concentrated,
21. Thereby increasing blood viscosity and slowing the
circulation (stasis)
As stasis develops, leukocytes (principally neutrophils)
begin to accumulate along the vascular endothelial
surface—a process called margination
Protein rich fluid accumulation is called an exudate.
Exudates must be distinguished from transudates,
which are interstitial fluid accumulations caused by
increased hydrostatic pressure, usually a consequence
of reduced venous return
22.
23. Cellular Events: Leukocyte Recruitment
and Activation
Leukocyte Recruitment: Leukocytes normally flow
rapidly in the blood, and in inflammation, they have to
be stopped and brought to the offending the site of
tissue damage, which are typically outside the vessels
(1) margination and rolling along the vessel wall;
(2) firm adhesion to the endothelium;
(3) transmigration between endothelial cells; and
(4) migration in interstitial tissues toward a
chemotactic stimulus (Fig. 2–5).
24.
25. Leukocyte Activation
Phagocytosis of particles
Intracellular destruction of phagocytosed microbes and dead cells
by substances produced in phagosomes
Liberation of substances that destroy extracellular microbes and
dead tissues,
A recently discovered mechanism by which neutrophils destroy
extracellular microbes is the formation of extracellular “traps.”
Production of mediators, including arachidonic acid metabolites
and cytokines, that amplify the inflammatory reaction, by
recruiting and activating more leukocytes