This document discusses inflammation and healing. It defines inflammation as the local response of living tissues to injury. The causes of inflammation can be exogenous, such as physical or chemical agents, or endogenous like circulation disorders or metabolic products. The classic signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Acute inflammation involves rapid onset and short duration, while chronic inflammation has insidious onset and longer duration. Acute inflammation is characterized by increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte infiltration. Chronic inflammation features infiltration by mononuclear cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, along with simultaneous tissue destruction and healing.
CONTENTS:
GENERAL
NORMAL FLUID CIRCULATION
EDEMA- INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR TYPES
NOTE- Fonts may appear weird because the original fonts are different from the ones visible here.
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
CONTENTS:
GENERAL
NORMAL FLUID CIRCULATION
EDEMA- INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR TYPES
NOTE- Fonts may appear weird because the original fonts are different from the ones visible here.
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Inflammation and Healing (wound healing)Rajat Nanda
INFLAMMATION AND HEALING . Inflammation is defined as the local response of living mammalian tissues to injury due to any agent. It is a body defense reaction in order to eliminate or limit the spread of injurious agent as well as to remove the consequent necrosed cell and tissues.
Inflammation- General Pathology seminar PG 1st yearDr. Ritu Gupta
this seminar includes general inflammation, its etiology, acute inflammation, features, events, fate, chronic inflammation, causes, features, types, granulomatous inflammation, acute v/s chronic inflammation, inflammatory disorders of pulp and periradicular tissues
THIS SEMINAR INCLUDES DEFINATION,TYPES OF INFLAMMATIONS AND MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION FOLLOWED BY REGENERATION,REPAIR AND WOUND HEALING BY PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INTENTIONS OF SOFT AND HARD TISSUES.HEALING OF EXTRACTION SOCKETS AND WEEKLY CHANGES IN HEALING OF EXTRACTION SOCKET.LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC FACTORS OF INFLAMMATION ABD COMPLICATIONS OF WOUND HEALING
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. DEFINITION:
Inflammation is defined as the local response of living
tissues to injury due to any agent.
inflammation, a process by which the body's immune
system malfunctions.( failure to function normally.
Eg. diseases, like arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis
3. The causes of inflammation are many and varied:
Exogenous causes:
Physical agents
Mechanic agents: fractures, foreign corps, sand, etc.
Thermal agents: burns, freezing
Chemical agents: toxic gases, acids, bases
Biological agents: bacteria, viruses, parasites
Endogenous causes:
Circulation disorders: thrombosis, infarction, hemorrhage
Enzymes activation – e.g. acute pancreatitis
Metabolic products – uric acid, urea
ETIOLOGY:
5. CELSUS in 1st century A.D named the famous 4 cardinal signs
of inflammation as:
rubor (redness)
tumor (swelling)
calor (heat)
dolor (pain)
To these, 5th sign functio laesa, or loss of function was later
added by VIRCHOW
SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
6. TYPESOF INFLAMMATION
ACUTE
Rapid onset
Short duration
Fluid accumulation, plasma protein exudation
Neutrophils
CHRONIC
Onset- insidious
Longer duration
Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells as inflammatory
cells
7. Pathogenesis: Three main processes occur at the site of
inflammation, due to the release of chemical mediators
● Increased blood flow (redness and warmth).
● Increased vascular permeability (swelling,
pain & loss of function).
● Leukocytic Infiltration.
10. VASCULAREVENTS
1. HAEMODYNAMIC CHANGES:
1. TRANSIENT VASOCONSTRICTION
2. VASODILATATION (arterioles, venules and capillaries)
obvious within half an hour of injury
Increase blood volume in microvascular bed Redness
and warmth
3. Elevation of HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Results in transudation of fluid in the extracellular space
swelling
11. 4. Slowing or stasis
Increased vascular permeability
Increased concentration of RBCs
Raised blood viscosity
Slower blood flow
12. slowing followed by
LEUCOYTE MIGRATION (neutrophils mainly) to the
vascular endothelium
Leukocytes then move and migrate
through gaps between the endothelial
cells in the extravascular space.
EMIGRATION
13. 2. ALTERED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
STARLING’S HYPOTHESIS
In normal circumstances fluid balance is maintained by 2
opposing set of forces:
1.Forces that cause OUTWARD MOVEMENT of fluid from
microcirculation are intravascular hydrostatic pressure and
osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
2.Forces that cause INWARD MOVEMENT of interstitial fluid
into circulation are intravascular osmotic pressure and hydrostatic
pressure of interstitial fluid.
14. • Accumulation of fluid - interstitial compartment
which comes from blood plasma by its escape
through the endothelial wall of peripheral vascular
bed.
• Escape of fluid is due to vasodilatation and
consequent elevation in hydrostatic pressure -
transudate.
• Subsequently, the characteristic inflammatory
oedema, appears by increased vascular
permeability of microcirculation – exudate.
17. 1. Endothelial cell contraction
reversible process
mediated by histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes
short duration: 15-30 min.
2. Structural re-organisation of the
cytoskeleton of endothelial cells -
Reversible retraction at the intercellular
junctions.
• Mediated by cytokines such as
interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour
necrosis factor (TNF)-α.c
18. 3. Endothelial injury or Direct injury to endothelial cells
Causes
Cell necrosis and appearance of physical gaps.
Process of thrombosis is initiated at the site of damaged
endothelial cells.
Affects all levels of microvasculature.
immediate sustained response, lasts for
several hours or days
19. 4. Leukocyte-mediated endothelial injury
• Adherence of leucocytes to the endothelium at the site of
inflammation.
• Activation of leucocytes - release proteolytic enzymes and
toxic oxygen.
• Cause endothelial injury and increased vascular
leakiness.
• Newly formed capillaries under the influence of vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
• Process of repair and in tumours are excessively
leaky
5. Neo vascularisation
20. CELLULAREVENTS
1. EXUDATION OF LEUCOCYTES
Most important feature of inflammatory response.
The escape of leucocytes from lumen of microvasculature to the
interstitial tissue.
In acute inflammation, polymorphonuclear neutrophils comprise
the first line of defense, followed later by the monocytes and
macrophages.
21. CHANGES LEADING TO MIGRATION
1. CHANGES IN THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD
VASODILATATION
subsequently, SLOWING of BLOOD STREAM
The central stream of cells widens and peripheral plasma zone
becomes narrower because of loss of plasma by exudation.
MARGINATION
The neutrophils of the central column come close to the vessel
wall
PAVEMENTING
22.
23. 2. ROLLING ANDADHESION:
Peripherally marginated and pavemented neutrophils slowly roll
over the endothelial cells lining the vessel wall.
ROLLING PHASE
Transient bond between the leucocytes and the endothelial cells
becoming firmer.
ADHESION PHASE
24. ADHESION MOLECULES:
SELECTINS :
E-selectin
P-selectin
(cytokine-activated Endothelial cells)
(Preformed and stored in endothelial cells)
L-selectin (expressed on surface of Lymphocytes and
neutrophils)
INTEGRINS:
Activated during the process of loose and transient adhesions
between the endothelial cells and leucocytes.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPER FAMILYADHESION
MOLECULE: ICAM-1,2
26. Neutrophils move till a suitable site is reached
CYTOPLASMIC PSEUDOPODS
Subsequently, crosses the basement membrane by damaging it
locally with secreted collagenases and escape out into the
extravascular space.
EMIGRATION
27. DIAPEDESIS
Simultaneously escape of RBCs takes place through the gaps
between the endothelial cells.
DIAPEDESIS
Diapedesis gives Hemorrhagic appearance to the inflammatory
exudate.
28. 4. CHEMOTAXIS
The chemotactic factor mediated transmigration of leucocytes
after crossing several barriers to reach the interstitial tissues is
called CHEMOTAXIS.
Well illustrated by BOYDEN’S CHAMBER EXPERIMENT.
29. In this, a millipore filter separates the suspension of leucocytes
from the test solution in tissue culture chamber.
If the test solution contains chemotactic agent, the leucocytes
migrate through the pores of filter towards the chemotactic agent.
30. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
It is a prolonged process in which tissue destruction and
inflammation occurs at the same time.
Time course:
> 48 hours (weeks, months, years)
Cell type
Mononuclear cells (Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells)
Can be caused by 1 of the following 3 ways:
1. Chronic inflammation following acute inflammation
2. Recurrent attacks of acute inflammation
3. Chronic inflammation starting de novo
31. FEATURES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Infiltration with mononuclear
cells – macrophages,
lymphocytes & plasma cells
CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION
Tissue
destruction
Healing by Proliferation &
connective tissue replacement of
damaged tissue
34. MACROPHAGE
IN ACUTE
INFLAMMATION
Irritant eliminated-
macrophagedisappears
IN CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION
Persistent macrophage accumulationby
following mechanisms :
1. )Recruitment from circulation–
Chemotactic stimuli include:
a) C5a
b) Platelet derived growthfactor
c) Transforming growthfactor
s
2.) Local proliferation of macrophage
3.) Immobilization of macrophages
56
37. REACTIONS OF PULP TO BACTERIAL INVASION
ᶲ Vascular changes take place
inside blood vessels.
ᶲ PMNLs reach the area of
inflammation
ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF PULP THAT TEND TO
ALTER THE RESPONSE
Enclosure of pulp in rigid calcified walls - PREVENTS EXCESSIVE
SWELLING.. Thus more painful.
Pressure leads to decrease Blood supply and Ischaemia – does not get
corrected since collateral circulation cannot develop through tiny apical59
foramina
38. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF PULPITIS
ACUTE CHRONIC
60
MONONUCLEAR CELLS
PREDOMINATE - chiefly
plasma cells &
lymphocytes.
Fibroblastic activity is
evident
collagen fibres seen in
bundles
• Continued vascular
dilation
• Accumulation of oedemal
fluid in connective tissue
• Pavementing of PMNLs
along endothelial wall
39. • Inflammation of periodontal ligament around root apex..
Changes localised around root
apex…..since richly vascular.
Vascular changes , infiltration of
PMNLs , and exudate
accumulation
Resorption of bone –
ABSCESS FORMATION
61
40. 1) Robbin’s & Cotron Pathological basis of diseases
2) Essential pathology for dental students - Harsh mohan
3) Text book of oral pathology - Shafers
References……..