In this slideshow, we discuss the differences between infections and inflammation, signs and symptoms, types and treatment.
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The document discusses infectious diseases and the immune system. It defines disease and pathogens, and describes the germ theory of disease proposed by Pasteur and Koch. It explains Koch's postulates for identifying disease-causing microorganisms. It describes different types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi and worms that cause infectious diseases. It then discusses the immune system's nonspecific and specific defenses against pathogens, including the inflammatory response, antibodies, B cells, T cells, and memory cells. It also covers immune system disorders like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies like AIDS.
The document discusses various types of immunological disorders including hypersensitivity reactions. It defines four types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I or immediate hypersensitivity which involves IgE antibodies and is often seen in conditions like asthma and food allergies. Type II involves cytotoxic hypersensitivity where the immune system attacks the body's own cells. Type III involves immune complex hypersensitivity resulting in conditions like lupus. Type IV is cell-mediated hypersensitivity seen in contact dermatitis. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis, transplantation rejection, and graft-versus-host disease.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health like genetics, lifestyle, and infectious/non-infectious diseases. It then summarizes several common infectious diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, and their causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses immunity, describing innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers, while acquired immunity involves T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cellular/humoral responses that provide long-term protection against pathogens.
The Arthus reaction is a localized inflammatory response caused by a type III hypersensitivity reaction. It involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes in small blood vessel walls, leading to activation of the complement system and recruitment of neutrophils. This causes localized tissue damage, edema, and hemorrhage at the site of antigen injection. Symptoms develop rapidly and resolve within a week without long term effects.
This document discusses different types of hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It covers four types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cells/basophils; type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies activating complement and lysing cells; type III involves immune complex formation and deposition; type IV involves delayed T cell responses. Examples and mechanisms of each type are provided. The document also discusses tolerance, genetic and environmental factors in autoimmunity, common autoimmune diseases and the antibodies associated with them.
Ch 08 - Human Health and Disease || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
This document discusses health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Factors that influence health include genetics, lifestyle, infections and environment. Characteristics of good health include being free from sickness and having self-confidence. Diseases are conditions that interfere with normal body functioning. Diseases can be congenital or acquired. Common diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis and ringworm. Prevention methods include maintaining personal and public hygiene. Immunity against diseases can be innate or acquired. Innate immunity provides non-specific barriers like skin, mucus and cells that fight pathogens.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This document provides information about infectious diseases and the immune system. It begins by defining disease and explaining how pathogens cause infectious diseases. It then discusses the germ theory of disease and Koch's postulates. It describes different types of pathogens and modes of disease transmission. The second part summarizes the immune system's nonspecific and specific defenses against pathogens, including inflammation, fever, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immunity from vaccination and passive transfer from mother to child. The document concludes by discussing immune disorders like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency.
The document discusses infectious diseases and the immune system. It defines disease and pathogens, and describes the germ theory of disease proposed by Pasteur and Koch. It explains Koch's postulates for identifying disease-causing microorganisms. It describes different types of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi and worms that cause infectious diseases. It then discusses the immune system's nonspecific and specific defenses against pathogens, including the inflammatory response, antibodies, B cells, T cells, and memory cells. It also covers immune system disorders like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies like AIDS.
The document discusses various types of immunological disorders including hypersensitivity reactions. It defines four types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I or immediate hypersensitivity which involves IgE antibodies and is often seen in conditions like asthma and food allergies. Type II involves cytotoxic hypersensitivity where the immune system attacks the body's own cells. Type III involves immune complex hypersensitivity resulting in conditions like lupus. Type IV is cell-mediated hypersensitivity seen in contact dermatitis. Specific conditions discussed in more detail include allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis, transplantation rejection, and graft-versus-host disease.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health like genetics, lifestyle, and infectious/non-infectious diseases. It then summarizes several common infectious diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, and their causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses immunity, describing innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers, while acquired immunity involves T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cellular/humoral responses that provide long-term protection against pathogens.
The Arthus reaction is a localized inflammatory response caused by a type III hypersensitivity reaction. It involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes in small blood vessel walls, leading to activation of the complement system and recruitment of neutrophils. This causes localized tissue damage, edema, and hemorrhage at the site of antigen injection. Symptoms develop rapidly and resolve within a week without long term effects.
This document discusses different types of hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It covers four types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cells/basophils; type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies activating complement and lysing cells; type III involves immune complex formation and deposition; type IV involves delayed T cell responses. Examples and mechanisms of each type are provided. The document also discusses tolerance, genetic and environmental factors in autoimmunity, common autoimmune diseases and the antibodies associated with them.
Ch 08 - Human Health and Disease || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
This document discusses health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Factors that influence health include genetics, lifestyle, infections and environment. Characteristics of good health include being free from sickness and having self-confidence. Diseases are conditions that interfere with normal body functioning. Diseases can be congenital or acquired. Common diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis and ringworm. Prevention methods include maintaining personal and public hygiene. Immunity against diseases can be innate or acquired. Innate immunity provides non-specific barriers like skin, mucus and cells that fight pathogens.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This document provides information about infectious diseases and the immune system. It begins by defining disease and explaining how pathogens cause infectious diseases. It then discusses the germ theory of disease and Koch's postulates. It describes different types of pathogens and modes of disease transmission. The second part summarizes the immune system's nonspecific and specific defenses against pathogens, including inflammation, fever, antibodies, and memory cells. It also covers immunity from vaccination and passive transfer from mother to child. The document concludes by discussing immune disorders like allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency.
There are two main categories of diseases that affect the immune system: autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses self-tolerance and attacks the body's own tissues, examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. Immunodeficiency diseases weaken the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to infection; examples are severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, agammaglobulinemia, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being maintained through balanced diet, hygiene and exercise. Disease is any condition that interferes with normal body functioning and causes mental distress. Diseases are classified as infectious, which can be transmitted between people, and non-infectious, which cannot. Infectious diseases are further divided into bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal and helminthic types. Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium transmitted through food and water, and symptoms include persistent high fever and abdominal pain.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It covers several topics:
1. It defines health as physical, mental and social wellbeing, while disease is any change from the normal state that causes discomfort, disability or impairs health.
2. Diseases are classified as infectious, non-infectious, or congenital. Common infectious diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ringworm, ascariasis, and filariasis.
3. These diseases are caused by various pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. The document provides details on the causative agent, affected organ, symptoms, transmission
Role of immune system in health & diseasesSmita Shukla
This document provides an overview of the immune system and how microbes cause disease. It begins by classifying microbes such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. It then discusses how bacterial pathogens are able to penetrate host defenses through mechanisms like adherence, capsules and enzymatic activity. The stages of infection and course of infectious disease are outlined. Pathogenic bacteria and the diseases they cause are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of hypersensitivity and immunopathology. It covers four main types of hypersensitivity reactions (Type I-IV) that vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Type I is an immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells. Type II involves IgG and IgM antibodies against cell surface antigens. Type III reactions are caused by immune complexes circulating in the bloodstream. Type IV is a delayed hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. The document also discusses autoimmune disease, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, and immunodeficiencies that increase susceptibility to infection.
A. There are three types of immunological disorders
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune disease
3. Immunodeficiency
B. Hypersensitivity reactions to usually harmless substances are often called allergies or allergic reactions
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health according to ancient and modern definitions, and lists factors that affect health such as lifestyle, infections, and genetic disorders. It discusses maintaining good health through diet, hygiene, exercise, and disease awareness. The document then covers specific diseases and conditions like the life cycle of Plasmodium, prevention of infectious diseases, immunity, allergies, autoimmunity, AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse. It provides details on immune response, antibody structure, HIV replication, opportunistic infections, cancer causes and treatments, and early cancer detection methods like ELISA and PCR. The document concludes with some sample questions.
This document provides an overview of diseases that can affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses several types of infections including sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, gangrene, diseases caused by animal bites/scratches, plague, and relapsing fever. For each disease, it describes the causative pathogen, transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
INFECTION CONTROL IN CLINICAL SETTING.pptxRinkupatel55
The document discusses various types of infections including primary, secondary, reinfection, cross infection, nosocomial infection, and iatrogenic infection. It also defines local, systematic, mixed, acute, chronic, pyrogenic, and latent infections. The chain of infection and how nurses break the chain is explained. Microorganisms that cause infection and the factors affecting their ability to cause disease are outlined. The document also discusses the incubation period, prodromal stage, illness stage, and convalescence period of infections. It examines the risk factors for infection including age, nutrition, medications, disease states, genetics, and neutrophil count. The body's defense mechanisms against infection including anatomical barriers, inflammation, the immune system response
Hypersensitivity is an immunological state where the immune system overreacts to foreign antigens. There are four main types of hypersensitivity: Type I is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies, Type II involves antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions, Type III occurs when immune complexes are deposited in tissues, and Type IV is a delayed cell-mediated response. Each type has different pathogenic mechanisms and causes distinct pathological lesions and clinical symptoms.
Rickettsial and protozoan diseases of humanJayaPrakash369
This document discusses rickettsial and protozoan diseases of humans. It describes rickettsial diseases as infections caused by Rickettsia bacteria transmitted by ticks, mites, and fleas. The major rickettsial diseases are Rocky Mountain spotted fever, epidemic typhus, and murine typhus. Protozoan diseases are caused by protozoa parasites and discussed diseases include malaria caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes, amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica spread through contaminated water, and toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma parasites. Treatments for these diseases include antibiotics such as doxycycline and antiparasitic drugs.
The document discusses immunity and infectious diseases. It defines immunity as the body's ability to fight off pathogens through antibodies and cells. Pathogens include fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses. Robert Koch first identified microbes as causing disease and developed Koch's Postulates to identify pathogens. The immune system has three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers, inflammation, and lymphocytes and antibodies. Immunity can be active through disease exposure or vaccination, producing memory cells for long-term protection, or passive through transferring antibodies temporarily from another source.
Pneumonia is caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae that infect the alveoli of the lungs, filling them with fluid and reducing respiratory efficiency. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and headache. The common cold is caused by rhinoviruses infecting the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms like nasal congestion and sore throat that typically last 3-7 days. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, whose sporozoites enter the liver and infect red blood cells, rupturing them and releasing toxins that cause high fevers and chills in a recurring pattern.
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseaselhattendorf
The document discusses various diseases and health conditions. It defines communicable diseases as those that can be spread between living things or through the environment, outlining transmission methods like direct/indirect contact and airborne spread. Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted between individuals but rather related to individual behaviors and risk factors like diet, exercise and substance abuse. The document also examines specific conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, providing details on causes, symptoms and prevention strategies.
This document defines pathogens as microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It explains that to be a pathogen, an organism must gain entry to the host, colonize tissues, resist defenses, and damage tissues. It discusses how pathogens enter through the respiratory, digestive, or skin systems and describes some of the body's defenses against pathogens like mucus barriers and stomach acid. Finally, it notes pathogens can cause disease by damaging tissues or producing toxins.
The document discusses key concepts related to the study of disease and epidemiology. It defines important terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, disease, normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and Koch's postulates. It also covers classifications of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute vs chronic diseases. The document outlines the typical development of disease and identifies different reservoirs of infection like human, animal, and non-living reservoirs. It discusses various modes of disease transmission including contact, droplet, vector, and nosocomial transmission. Finally, it touches on emerging infectious diseases and factors that contribute to their emergence.
This document discusses innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and cellular barriers that fight pathogens. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and produces pathogen-specific antibodies and immune cells. It has memory that allows faster responses. Acquired immunity includes humoral immunity involving B-cell produced antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involving T-cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that recognize pathogens.
8 bio265 microbiology and immunology 1 instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens. The skin and mucous membranes form physical barriers that pathogens must breach. Components of the innate immune system include defensive cells like phagocytes that ingest pathogens, as well as inflammatory processes, fever, and antimicrobial substances. The complement system, interferons, defensins and other antimicrobial peptides help eliminate pathogens and promote inflammation. Innate immunity provides non-specific but immediate protection against infection.
Inflammation is the protective response to eliminate the cause of cell injury and remove necrotic cells. It involves vascular changes like increased blood flow and permeability, which cause redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Cellular events recruit leukocytes through chemotaxis and activate them to phagocytose pathogens. Acute inflammation resolves the issue and heals tissue, but can progress to chronic inflammation or scarring if the cause persists. The morphological patterns are serous, fibrinous, purulent involving pus, or ulceration causing defects. Inflammation has benefits of fighting infection but also risks if excessive.
The document discusses specific and non-specific immune responses and immune disorders. It begins by defining specific and non-specific immunity, with non-specific immunity involving innate barriers and responses that protect against all antigens. Specific immunity provides targeted protection against specific pathogens through antibodies and T-cells. The document also examines four types of hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) and common immune disorders, providing examples to illustrate immune system functions and what can go wrong.
This document discusses inflammation and wound healing. It begins by defining inflammation as the body's protective response to tissue injury. The causes of inflammation include microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical trauma, chemicals, and tissue necrosis. The signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and complement proteins are released in response to injury and stimulate the inflammatory response. This includes increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and recruitment of immune cells to the injured site to clear infection and initiate repair. Both acute and chronic inflammation aim to remove harmful stimuli and initiate healing, though chronic inflammation can lead to fibrosis and tissue damage if the stimulus
The document provides an overview of the immune system and infectious diseases. It discusses the immune system's first-line defenses like skin and internal barriers. When pathogens breach these defenses, the immune system mounts specific responses through lymphocytes and antibodies. Vaccines provide active immunity by exposing the body to antigens in a controlled way. The document also discusses how microorganisms were first observed under microscopes and how scientists later linked bacteria, viruses and other microbes to transmitting infectious diseases.
There are two main categories of diseases that affect the immune system: autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses self-tolerance and attacks the body's own tissues, examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. Immunodeficiency diseases weaken the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to infection; examples are severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, agammaglobulinemia, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being maintained through balanced diet, hygiene and exercise. Disease is any condition that interferes with normal body functioning and causes mental distress. Diseases are classified as infectious, which can be transmitted between people, and non-infectious, which cannot. Infectious diseases are further divided into bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal and helminthic types. Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium transmitted through food and water, and symptoms include persistent high fever and abdominal pain.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It covers several topics:
1. It defines health as physical, mental and social wellbeing, while disease is any change from the normal state that causes discomfort, disability or impairs health.
2. Diseases are classified as infectious, non-infectious, or congenital. Common infectious diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ringworm, ascariasis, and filariasis.
3. These diseases are caused by various pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and helminths. The document provides details on the causative agent, affected organ, symptoms, transmission
Role of immune system in health & diseasesSmita Shukla
This document provides an overview of the immune system and how microbes cause disease. It begins by classifying microbes such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. It then discusses how bacterial pathogens are able to penetrate host defenses through mechanisms like adherence, capsules and enzymatic activity. The stages of infection and course of infectious disease are outlined. Pathogenic bacteria and the diseases they cause are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of hypersensitivity and immunopathology. It covers four main types of hypersensitivity reactions (Type I-IV) that vary in severity from mild to life-threatening. Type I is an immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells. Type II involves IgG and IgM antibodies against cell surface antigens. Type III reactions are caused by immune complexes circulating in the bloodstream. Type IV is a delayed hypersensitivity mediated by T cells. The document also discusses autoimmune disease, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, and immunodeficiencies that increase susceptibility to infection.
A. There are three types of immunological disorders
1. Hypersensitivity
2. Autoimmune disease
3. Immunodeficiency
B. Hypersensitivity reactions to usually harmless substances are often called allergies or allergic reactions
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health according to ancient and modern definitions, and lists factors that affect health such as lifestyle, infections, and genetic disorders. It discusses maintaining good health through diet, hygiene, exercise, and disease awareness. The document then covers specific diseases and conditions like the life cycle of Plasmodium, prevention of infectious diseases, immunity, allergies, autoimmunity, AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse. It provides details on immune response, antibody structure, HIV replication, opportunistic infections, cancer causes and treatments, and early cancer detection methods like ELISA and PCR. The document concludes with some sample questions.
This document provides an overview of diseases that can affect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses several types of infections including sepsis, bacterial infections of the heart, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, gangrene, diseases caused by animal bites/scratches, plague, and relapsing fever. For each disease, it describes the causative pathogen, transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
INFECTION CONTROL IN CLINICAL SETTING.pptxRinkupatel55
The document discusses various types of infections including primary, secondary, reinfection, cross infection, nosocomial infection, and iatrogenic infection. It also defines local, systematic, mixed, acute, chronic, pyrogenic, and latent infections. The chain of infection and how nurses break the chain is explained. Microorganisms that cause infection and the factors affecting their ability to cause disease are outlined. The document also discusses the incubation period, prodromal stage, illness stage, and convalescence period of infections. It examines the risk factors for infection including age, nutrition, medications, disease states, genetics, and neutrophil count. The body's defense mechanisms against infection including anatomical barriers, inflammation, the immune system response
Hypersensitivity is an immunological state where the immune system overreacts to foreign antigens. There are four main types of hypersensitivity: Type I is an immediate allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies, Type II involves antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions, Type III occurs when immune complexes are deposited in tissues, and Type IV is a delayed cell-mediated response. Each type has different pathogenic mechanisms and causes distinct pathological lesions and clinical symptoms.
Rickettsial and protozoan diseases of humanJayaPrakash369
This document discusses rickettsial and protozoan diseases of humans. It describes rickettsial diseases as infections caused by Rickettsia bacteria transmitted by ticks, mites, and fleas. The major rickettsial diseases are Rocky Mountain spotted fever, epidemic typhus, and murine typhus. Protozoan diseases are caused by protozoa parasites and discussed diseases include malaria caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes, amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica spread through contaminated water, and toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma parasites. Treatments for these diseases include antibiotics such as doxycycline and antiparasitic drugs.
The document discusses immunity and infectious diseases. It defines immunity as the body's ability to fight off pathogens through antibodies and cells. Pathogens include fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses. Robert Koch first identified microbes as causing disease and developed Koch's Postulates to identify pathogens. The immune system has three lines of defense - physical and chemical barriers, inflammation, and lymphocytes and antibodies. Immunity can be active through disease exposure or vaccination, producing memory cells for long-term protection, or passive through transferring antibodies temporarily from another source.
Pneumonia is caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae that infect the alveoli of the lungs, filling them with fluid and reducing respiratory efficiency. Common symptoms include fever, cough, and headache. The common cold is caused by rhinoviruses infecting the nasal passages and upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms like nasal congestion and sore throat that typically last 3-7 days. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, whose sporozoites enter the liver and infect red blood cells, rupturing them and releasing toxins that cause high fevers and chills in a recurring pattern.
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseaselhattendorf
The document discusses various diseases and health conditions. It defines communicable diseases as those that can be spread between living things or through the environment, outlining transmission methods like direct/indirect contact and airborne spread. Non-communicable diseases are not transmitted between individuals but rather related to individual behaviors and risk factors like diet, exercise and substance abuse. The document also examines specific conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, providing details on causes, symptoms and prevention strategies.
This document defines pathogens as microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It explains that to be a pathogen, an organism must gain entry to the host, colonize tissues, resist defenses, and damage tissues. It discusses how pathogens enter through the respiratory, digestive, or skin systems and describes some of the body's defenses against pathogens like mucus barriers and stomach acid. Finally, it notes pathogens can cause disease by damaging tissues or producing toxins.
The document discusses key concepts related to the study of disease and epidemiology. It defines important terms like pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, infection, disease, normal flora, opportunistic pathogens, probiotics, and Koch's postulates. It also covers classifications of infectious diseases like endemic, epidemic, pandemic, acute vs chronic diseases. The document outlines the typical development of disease and identifies different reservoirs of infection like human, animal, and non-living reservoirs. It discusses various modes of disease transmission including contact, droplet, vector, and nosocomial transmission. Finally, it touches on emerging infectious diseases and factors that contribute to their emergence.
This document discusses innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and cellular barriers that fight pathogens. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and produces pathogen-specific antibodies and immune cells. It has memory that allows faster responses. Acquired immunity includes humoral immunity involving B-cell produced antibodies and cell-mediated immunity involving T-cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that recognize pathogens.
8 bio265 microbiology and immunology 1 instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens. The skin and mucous membranes form physical barriers that pathogens must breach. Components of the innate immune system include defensive cells like phagocytes that ingest pathogens, as well as inflammatory processes, fever, and antimicrobial substances. The complement system, interferons, defensins and other antimicrobial peptides help eliminate pathogens and promote inflammation. Innate immunity provides non-specific but immediate protection against infection.
Inflammation is the protective response to eliminate the cause of cell injury and remove necrotic cells. It involves vascular changes like increased blood flow and permeability, which cause redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Cellular events recruit leukocytes through chemotaxis and activate them to phagocytose pathogens. Acute inflammation resolves the issue and heals tissue, but can progress to chronic inflammation or scarring if the cause persists. The morphological patterns are serous, fibrinous, purulent involving pus, or ulceration causing defects. Inflammation has benefits of fighting infection but also risks if excessive.
The document discusses specific and non-specific immune responses and immune disorders. It begins by defining specific and non-specific immunity, with non-specific immunity involving innate barriers and responses that protect against all antigens. Specific immunity provides targeted protection against specific pathogens through antibodies and T-cells. The document also examines four types of hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) and common immune disorders, providing examples to illustrate immune system functions and what can go wrong.
This document discusses inflammation and wound healing. It begins by defining inflammation as the body's protective response to tissue injury. The causes of inflammation include microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical trauma, chemicals, and tissue necrosis. The signs of acute inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and complement proteins are released in response to injury and stimulate the inflammatory response. This includes increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and recruitment of immune cells to the injured site to clear infection and initiate repair. Both acute and chronic inflammation aim to remove harmful stimuli and initiate healing, though chronic inflammation can lead to fibrosis and tissue damage if the stimulus
The document provides an overview of the immune system and infectious diseases. It discusses the immune system's first-line defenses like skin and internal barriers. When pathogens breach these defenses, the immune system mounts specific responses through lymphocytes and antibodies. Vaccines provide active immunity by exposing the body to antigens in a controlled way. The document also discusses how microorganisms were first observed under microscopes and how scientists later linked bacteria, viruses and other microbes to transmitting infectious diseases.
The document summarizes the immune system's defense against pathogens. It discusses:
1) Non-specific immunity/innate immunity which provides first and second lines of defense through barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and responses like phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and interferon.
2) Specific immunity/acquired immunity provides a third line of defense and has humoral immunity through antibodies and cell-mediated immunity with T cells.
3) The immune system defends against pathogens through non-specific innate responses and acquired specific responses utilizing organs, lymphocytes, and processes like phagocytosis and inflammation.
This document discusses human microbe interactions and the process of infection. It covers topics like normal microbiota, how infections become established through portals of entry and infectious dose, microbial attachment and survival strategies, the stages of disease including incubation and illness periods, and how virulence factors like toxins can cause pathology. It also defines terms like communicable disease and describes how diseases can have local, systemic, or focal effects on the body.
Everay day science for english department 20-09-2022.pdfsaadfarid7
Dr. Fahim Ullah Khan provides an overview of disease, the immune system, and antibiotics in 3 pages of content. The document defines disease and its terminology, describes communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and explains how the immune system and different types of immunity protect the body. It also outlines what antibiotics are, how they work to destroy or slow bacteria, and common types including penicillin.
This document discusses hypersensitivity and autoimmunity. It begins by outlining hypersensitivity, immunologic tolerance, and autoimmunity. It then describes the four main types of hypersensitivity: 1) immediate or type 1 hypersensitivity caused by IgE antibodies, 2) antibody-mediated or type 2 hypersensitivity, 3) immune complex or type 3 hypersensitivity, and 4) T cell-mediated or type 4 hypersensitivity. It provides examples and mechanisms for each type of hypersensitivity and how they can result in exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses that harm the host.
Inflammation is the body's mechanism for coping with agents that could damage it.
In other words, inflammation is a protective response to rid the body of the cause of cell injury and the resultant necrotic cells that cell injury produces.
Although the processes of acute and chronic inflammation are an important protective mechanism used by the body to deal with potentially damaging agents, they are potentially damaging to the body and must be closely regulated.
This document defines key terminology related to infection and asepsis. It discusses types of microorganisms, the chain of infection, and the body's defenses against infection. Regarding asepsis, it describes the differences between medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis aims to reduce microorganisms using techniques like antimicrobial agents and handwashing. Surgical asepsis renders items totally sterile to prevent contamination using sterilization methods like moist heat, gas, boiling water, and radiation. Standard and isolation precautions are also outlined to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings.
This document provides an overview of nursing management of patients experiencing an altered immune system. It begins with explaining the normal inflammatory response and cellular response to infection. It then discusses specific white blood cells and their roles. The document reviews hypersensitivity reactions, diagnostic tests, drug therapies, and conditions that can cause an altered immune response such as immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Inflammation is the body's response to infection, injury, or irritation. The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. Acute inflammation occurs rapidly and is short-lived, while chronic inflammation persists over a longer period of time. Mediators of inflammation such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines are released from platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells to regulate the inflammatory response. Defective or excessive inflammation can lead to increased susceptibility to infection or disease.
This document discusses inflammation and repair. It begins by outlining innate immunity and its components, including physical and chemical barriers and the inflammatory response. Inflammation is defined as a nonspecific defensive response to tissue damage. The causes, signs, and types (acute and chronic) of inflammation are described. Acute inflammation involves vascular events like increased permeability and blood flow changes as well as cellular events like white blood cell migration. The roles of inflammatory mediators like histamine, kinins, and leukotrienes are also summarized.
aetiology of inflammation; types of inflammation; how inflammation occur; cells involve in inflammation; role of wbc in inflammation; outcome of inflammation; how inflammation associated with immunity, clotting system, complementary system kinin system, how inflammation is associated with oral cavity; disease associated with inflammatory system
This document discusses inflammation and repair. It provides details on innate immunity, the mechanisms of acute inflammation including vascular events and cellular events, and the process of phagocytosis. Specifically, it notes that acute inflammation involves alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of white blood cells, and typically resolves within 2 weeks. Chronic inflammation lasts longer and involves lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.
Basic Principles of Hypersensitivity ReactionsHadi Munib
Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system mounts an excessive or inappropriate response against antigens. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions:
Type I reactions are immediate and antigen-specific, mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells. Type II reactions are caused by antibodies against antigens on cells, targeting them for destruction. Type III reactions involve immune complex deposition in tissues, activating complement and causing inflammation. Type IV reactions are T-cell mediated, characterized by cytokine-induced inflammation or direct cytotoxicity by CD8+ T cells. Each type can result in different clinical manifestations and tissue damage.
This document discusses inflammation and healing. It defines inflammation and outlines its purpose of being a protective response. The types of inflammation are described as acute or chronic. The cardinal signs of inflammation are listed as redness, pain, heat, swelling, and loss of function. The mediators and sources of chemical mediators of inflammation are explored. The differences between acute and chronic inflammation are compared. The vascular and cellular responses to inflammation are summarized. Types of nonspecific and granulomatous inflammation are defined. The mechanisms and processes of wound healing by primary and secondary union are outlined. Factors that promote or delay wound healing are enumerated. Healing of specialized tissues like fractures is briefly mentioned.
This presentation summarizes inflammation and its causes, types, signs, and treatments. It defines inflammation as the body's response to tissue damage and infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling and loss of function. Acute inflammation has a rapid onset and lasts a few days, while chronic inflammation persists long-term. Causes include burns, chemicals, infections, and physical injury. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory foods like tomatoes and fish or drugs like paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen to reduce inflammation and speed healing.
Infection control and prevention is the practice of implementing measures to prevent or reduce the transmission of infectious diseases in healthcare settings and the general community. It involves a wide range of strategies, including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning, and the appropriate use of antibiotics.
Infection control and prevention is crucial to ensuring the safety of patients, healthcare workers, and the general public. It helps to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and the spread of infectious diseases in the community.
Effective infection control and prevention requires a multi-faceted approach, involving education, training, and adherence to guidelines and best practices. This includes proper hand hygiene techniques, appropriate use of PPE, and the implementation of environmental cleaning and disinfection protocols.
In addition, infection control and prevention also involves the appropriate use of antibiotics to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance. This includes the judicious use of antibiotics, as well as the development of alternative treatment options.
Overall, infection control and prevention is an essential component of public health, and plays a critical role in reducing the spread of infectious diseases and protecting the health and well-being of individuals and communities.
1. Inflammation is the body's protective response to injury or infection that involves blood vessels, immune cells, and chemical mediators.
2. Chemical mediators of inflammation include vasoactive amines, peptides, lipid mediators, cytokines, and enzymes that are released from immune cells and damaged tissues. These mediators cause changes like increased blood flow and vascular permeability.
3. The inflammatory response aims to destroy and isolate the injurious agent while facilitating tissue repair. Prolonged inflammation can lead to chronic disease if the trigger persists.
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In this presentation, there is a full description of eczema, steps to manage it as pharmacists, the factors that worsen the case, and when to refer to a physician
In this presentation, I talked about the new mRNA vaccine that is authorized for the prevention of coronavirus infection.
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In this document, there is a detailed information about the breast cancer and its pathogenicity, how to diagnose, and its types.
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This powerpoint is made by a pharmaceutical student about the effects of the drug hydroxychloroquine that has been chosen by many countries as a treatment for COVID19
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. • Inflammation is a response of vascularized
tissues to infections and tissue damage that
brings cells and molecules of host defense from
the circulation to the sites where they are
needed, to eliminate the offending agents.
• It may be defined as a harmful reactions but
medically it is considered to be a protective one.
• It mainly occurs to rid the host from the cause of
the cell injury and the consequences of it.
2
3. • Infections are caused when another organism
enter the body causing diseases.
• They are mainly caused by microorganisms;
bacteria, viruses ,fungi and protozoa.
• The body has a mechanism to eliminate these
organisms through the immune system, and this
response most of the time cause elevation in
body temperature.
3
4. • As we started our talk about inflammation, we will
continue to start with the signs of inflammations:
• Heat caused from the increased blood flow to
the site
• Fever caused by the chemical mediators of
inflammation, lead to increase temperature at
the site of inflammation
• Swelling caused by accumulation of fluid
outside the blood vessels
• Pain is caused from the distortion of tissues
caused by the swelling and some mediators
• Loss of function.
• Redness
4
5. • In some cases the inflammatory reaction become
the cause of disease and the damage it produces
is its dominant feature.
• Inflammation can be triggered by
a. Infections.
b. Tissue Necrosis (Death).
c. Foreign Bodies.
d. Immune reactions (hypersensitivity or allergic
reactions).
5
6. • As for the infections; there are many kinds of
them and we will discuss each briefly,
1) Bacterial infections
Bacteria come in different
shapes and sized, some
can survive extreme
temperatures and
radiation.
Our body has normal flora in the oral cavity and
our stomach that can fight bacteria that enters
the body by different routes.
The most common feature for this kind of
infections is the fever.
6
H.Pylori causing
stomach ulcers
7. 2) Viral Infections
Viruses are the smallest infectious material
and they are known to be non-living organism,
they are composed of a piece of genetic
material that is surrounded by a protein shell.
They require a host cell in which their cell cycle
occurs.
7
8. After the virus replicate inside the cell, the cell
explodes releasing new viruses that infect other
cells.
Most of the time viral infections do not require
treatment and can be eradicated by the body’s
immune response and we only assist
symptomatic treatment.
8
9. 3) Fungal infections
They are diverse and include yeast and molds
Their sizes may differ from extremely large to
small that can not be detected with the naked
eye.
9Athlete's foot
10. 4) Parasitic Infections
Just like viruses, they live in or on the host
organism and get food and other nutrients
from the host.
There is three types of parasites that infect
humans:
a) Protozoa
b) Helminths
c) Ectoparasites
10
Protozoa
11. • General signs and symptoms for infectious
diseases
i. Fever or chills.
ii. Body aches and pains.
iii. Feeling tired or fatigued.
iv. Coughing or sneezing.
v. Digestive upset, such as nausea, vomiting,
or diarrhea.
11
12. • Acute Inflammation, as the name indicates it
occurs for short period of time but can be severe.
12
Psoriasis, a kind of
skin infections
13. • This kind of response will cause three major
changes
a. Vascular changes Dilation of small vessels
which increases blood flow (proteins and white
blood cells1).
b. Cellular changes Accumulation of certain
type of white blood cells that is responsible for
ingest foreign bodies.
c. Emerging of chemical mediators These
chemicals are released from blood plasma and
white blood cells, the most common mediator
is called Histamine2 which triggers vasodilation
and the activation of immune system.
13
1: Immunity cells
2: Increased stimulation lead to allergic reactions
14. • After these event happen, the immune system
should destroy and eliminate the cause of
inflammation and start healing and repairing
processes.
• Repair of damaged tissues occurs by two types of
reactions: regeneration by proliferation of
uninjured cells and maturation of tissue stem
cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to
form a scar.
14
15. • Some tissues are able to replace the damaged
components and essentially return to a normal
state; this process is called regeneration.
• If the injured tissues are incapable of complete
restitution, or if the supporting structures of the
tissue are severely damaged, repair occurs by the
laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue, a
process that may result in formation of a scar.
15
16. • If the chemical that caused the reaction is hard to
eliminate, the body produces pus in a process
known as suppuration.
• Pus is a liquid medium made of neutrophils1,
debris of dead cells and edema fluid.
• Abscesses are localized collection of pus, when
the pus is formed within an organ or tissue
16
1: The main white blood cell that mediate
inflammatory responses
Pus Abscess
17. • if the agent causing an inflammation cannot be
eliminated, or if there is some interference with
the healing process, an acute inflammatory
response may progress to the chronic stage.
• The physical extent, duration, and effects of
chronic inflammation vary with the cause of the
injury.
17
18. • In some cases, the chronic inflammation does not
happen as a sequel to the acute response, there
is some human diseases characterized by this
type of inflammatory response. Such as;
rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis and chronic
lung diseases.
• In autoimmune reactions the stimulus to chronic
inflammation is a normal component of the body
which the immune system recognize as a foreign.
18Tuberculosis Rhematoid Arthritis
19. • Most inflammatory condition are prescribed
NSAIDs1.
• If the inflammation was an allergic reactions we
give anti-histamines2.
• As for infectious diseases we have a lot of
antibiotics, antivirals, antifungal agents that can
be used along side with antipyretics3.
19
1: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as Ibuprofin (Advil®)
2:Some of these agents may cause sedation, Antihistamine examples Aerius® ,Layal® and
Zyretic®.
3:The most common drug used for fever is paracetamol examples Panadol® and Tylenol®
20. • Robbins Basic Pathology Book 10th edition
• https://www.healthline.com/health/inflammatio
n
• https://www.healthline.com/health/infections#O
verview
• https://www.britannica.com/science/inflammati
on
20