This document discusses inflammation and its role in the body's healing process. It describes acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initial rapid response to harmful stimuli and involves increased blood flow, capillary permeability, and migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the injured site. The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation are pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response that can last months or years and result from failure to eliminate the initial trigger, an autoimmune response, or persistent irritation. Chronic inflammation can lead to diseases like arthritis and atherosclerosis if not well regulated.

1. INFLAMMATION
BY
DR HINA SIDDIQUI(PT)

2.  Inflammation is the body’s attempt at self-protection; the aim
being to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells,
irritants, or pathogens – and begin the healing process.
 Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an
infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a
bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the body’s
response to it.

3. The so-called cardinal signs of inflammation are
rubor, redness; calor, heat (or warmth); tumor,
swelling; and dolor, pain; a fifth sign, functio laesa,
inhibited or lost function, is sometimes added.
The inflammatory cells remove debris and draw
healing cells to the injury site.
 However, if irritiation continues,the process becomes
detrimental and the inflammation becomes a chronic
debilitating condition.

4. ACUTE INFLAMMATION
 starts rapidly (rapid onset) and quickly becomes severe.
Signs and symptoms are only present for a few days, but in
some cases may persist for a few weeks.
 Examples of diseases, conditions, and situations which can
result in acute inflammation include: acutebronchitis,
infected ingrown toenail, sore throat from a cold or flu, a
scratch/cut on the skin, exercise (especially intense training),
acute appendicitis, acute dermatitis, acute tonsillitis, acute
infective meningitis, acute sinusitis, or a blow.

5.  Three main processes occur before and during acute inflammation:
Arterioles, small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries that
supply blood to the damaged region dilate, resulting in increased
blood flow
The capillaries become more permeable, so fluid and blood
proteins can move into interstitial spaces (spaces between cells).
Neutrophils, and possibly some macrophages migrate out of the
capillaries and venules (small veins that go from a capillary to a
vein) and move into interstitial spaces. A neutrophil is a type of
granulocyte (white blood cell), it is filled with tiny sacs which
contain enzymes that digest microorganisms. Macrophages are
also a type of white blood cells that ingests foreign material.

6.  The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation – “PRISH”
 Pain – the inflamed area is likely to be painful, especially when
touched. Chemicals that stimulate nerve endings are released,
making the area much more sensitive.
 Redness – this is because the capillaries are filled up with more
blood than usual
 Immobility – there may be some loss of function
 Swelling – caused by an accumulation of fluid
 Heat – as with the reason for the redness, more blood in the
affected area makes it feel hot to the touch

7. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
 this means long-term inflammation, which can last for several months
and even years. It can result from:
 Failure to eliminate whatever was causing an acute inflammation
 An autoimmune response to a self antigen – the immune system
attacks healthy tissue, mistaking it (them) for harmful pathogens.
 A chronic irritant of low intensity that persists
 Examples of diseases and conditions with chronic inflammation
include: asthma, chronic peptic ulcer,tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
chronic periodontitis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, chronic
sinusitis, and chronic active hepatitis

8.  Our infections, wounds and any damage to tissue would never
health without inflammation – tissue would become more and
more damaged and the body, or any organism, would
eventually perish.
 However, chronic inflammation can eventually cause several
diseases and conditions, including some cancers, rheumatoid
arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever.
Inflammation needs to be well regulated.

9. Inflammation Treatment Protocol ( ITP)
 Not all aspects of the ITP are needed or recommended for
every situation!
 correct the cause
 cryotherapy ( usually after activity )
 heat therapy ( usually prior to activity )
 iontophoresis
 electrical muscle stimulation
 ultrasound

10.  massage techniques to improve blood flow
 streching and ROM exercises
 muscle strenghtening, including proprioceptive and
kinesthetic exercises
 support with athletic tape
 rest
 gradual return to activity

11. RICE PROTOCOL
 Rest
• If possible, stop whatever your doing that led to your injury and take a rest.
• Resting for a day or two can help prevent further damage to your tissues.
• However, complete bed rest may not be advisable.
• Not moving at all may delay your healing and may lead to complications such as
joint stiffness.
 Ice
Applying ice following your injury can help relieve your pain and reduce swelling.
 Compression and Elevation
Applying compression bandages and elevating your limb above the level of your
heart can help reduce your symptom of swelling

12. THANK YOU