This document discusses various types of cell injury, including reversible and irreversible injury. It outlines several causes of cell injury, such as hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals/drugs, microbial agents, immunologic agents, and nutritional derangements. The document also discusses various cellular adaptations that cells undergo in response to stress, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Overall, the document provides an overview of the different forms of cell injury, causes of injury, and adaptive cellular responses.
This presentation is for those who want to understand the basics of reversible cell injury.
You can also get more idea from my youtube channel:
Harshit Jadav I Medical Wala
This presentation is for those who want to understand the basics of reversible cell injury.
You can also get more idea from my youtube channel:
Harshit Jadav I Medical Wala
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
Ischemia is defined as a condition of inadequate blood supply to an area of tissue.
Infarction- Localized area of ischemic necrosis in an organ or tissue resulting most often from reduction of arterial blood supply or occasionally its venous drainage
Public Health Significance- Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD leading to IHD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace.
Information about how cell get injured from different stimuli. Mechanism of cellular injury. Different types of cellular injury. Different examples of cellular injury with images which makes it easy to understand.
At the end of the class the students will be able to,
Explain the basic concept of pathology
Describe the Cellular & tissue changes.
Describe the Infiltration and regeneration
Elaborate the inflammation and infection
Cellular Adaptation
as cells encounter stresses they undergo functional or structural adaptations to maintain viability / homeostasis.
Injury - altered homeostasis
if limits of the adaptive response are exceeded or if adaptation not possible, a sequence of events called cell injury occurs.
Reversible Cell Injury
removal of stress results in complete restoration of structural & functional integrity.
b) Irreversible Cell Injury / Cell Death
if stimulus persists or is severe enough from the start, the cell suffers irreversible cell injury and death.
2 main morphologic patterns: necrosis & apoptosis.
Adaptations are reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
Physiologic adaptations are responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators
Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to modulate their structure and function and thus escape injury.
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ
The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells.
Types:
a) physiologic b) pathologic
Causes:
a) increased functional demand b) hormonal stimulation
cell injury and necrosis mechanism Pathology.pptssuser7ec6af
Cell death
Cell Injury - Types, Pathogenesis , Mechanism, Factors, Reversible & Irreversible
Cell injury: Sequence of events that occurs when stresses exceed ability of cells to adapt. Responses are initially reversible, but may progress to irreversible injury and cell death. Cell death: Results when continuing injury becomes irreversible, at which time the cell cannot recover.
This Presentation is all about the Cardiac cycle.
The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the ending of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, dubbed systole.
COVID-19 I Coronavirus Disease I Harshit JadavHarshit Jadav
This presentation highlights all the basic information regarding the current pandemic COVID-19.
This presentation includes an introduction, recent stats, the structure of coronavirus, pathogenesis of coronavirus, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of COVID-19
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. Cell Injury
• Cell injury is defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters
as a result of changes in its internal and external
environment.
• Various forms of cellular responses to cell injury
• (cellular adaptations)
• (reversible cell injury)
• (irreversible cell injury)
5. ETIOLOGY OF CELL INJURY
• 1. Hypoxia and ischemia
• 2. Physical agents
• 3. Chemical agents and drugs
• 4. Microbial agents
• 5. Immunologic agents
• 6. Nutritional derangements
• 7. Aging
6. Causes of cell injury
1. HYPOXIA AND ISCHAEMIA :
• Cells of different tissues essentially require oxygen to generate energy and
perform metabolic functions
• Deficiency of oxygen or hypoxia results in failure to carry out these activities
• The most common mechanism of hypoxic cell injury is by reduced supply of
blood to cells due to interruption i.e. ischemia.
2. PHYSICAL AGENTS.
• mechanical trauma (e.g. road accidents);
• thermal trauma (e.g. by heat and cold);
• electricity;
• radiation (e.g. ultraviolet and ionising); and
• rapid changes in atmospheric pressure
7. Causes of cell injury
3. CHEMICALS AND DRUGS
• chemical poisons such as cyanide, arsenic, mercury;
• strong acids and alkalis;
• environmental pollutants;
• insecticides and pesticides;
• alcohol and narcotic drugs
4. MICROBIAL AGENTS
• Injuries by microbes include infections caused by bacteria, rickettsia, viruses,
fungi, protozoa, metazoa, and other parasites
8. Causes of cell injury
5. IMMUNOLOGIC AGENTS:
• hypersensitivity reactions;
• anaphylactic reactions; and
• autoimmune diseases
6. NUTRITIONAL DERANGEMENTS
• due to overall deficiency of nutrients (e.g. starvation),
• protein calorie (e.g. marasmus, kwashiorkor),
• minerals (e.g. anaemia)
9. Cellular Adaptations
• For the sake of survival on exposure to stress, the cells
make adjustments with the changes in their
environment or adapt
• to the physiologic needs (physiologic adaptation) and
• to non-lethal pathologic injury (pathologic adaptation)
10. Example of Cellular Adaptations
Remember 3 Plasia – 2 trophy Brothers
Plasia Means : Number
Trophy means: size
Hyperplasia, Dysplasia, Metaplasia
Atrophy, Hypertrophy
Know the definitions of all these terms, for the rest of your life
11. Atrophy:
Atrophy: Reduction of the number and size of parenchymal
cells of an organ
Physiologic atrophy.
Atrophy of lymphoid tissue in lymph nodes, appendix and thymus.
ii) Atrophy of gonads after menopause.
iii) Atrophy of brain with aging.
Pathologic atrophy
Starvation atrophy.
Ischemic atrophy.
12. Hypertrophy :
Hypertrophy : Increased tissue size via enlargement of cells caused by
an increase in organelles, and structural proteins
Physiologic Hypertrophy:
Increased muscle mass through sport
Uterus enlargement during the pregnancy
Pathologic hypertrophy
Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
13. Hyperplasia :
Hyperplasia : Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of parenchymal
cells resulting in enlargement of the organ or tissue
Physiologic Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty, during pregnancy and
lactation.
Pathologic hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia following estrogen excess
14. Metaplasia:
Metaplasia: defined as a reversible change of one type of epithelial
or mesenchymal adult cells to another type of adult epithelial or
mesenchymal cells.
Physiological metaplasia:
Metaplasia of endocervix: columnar epithelium in to
squamous epithelium
Pathological metaplasia:
Respiratory epithelium in smokers
Ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium
15. Dysplasia:
Dysplasia: Dysplasia means ‘disordered cellular development’, often
accompanied with metaplasia and hyperplasia;
It is therefore also referred to as atypical hyperplasia.
Dysplasia occurs most often in epithelial cells
Epithelial dysplasia is characterized by cellular proliferation and cytologic
changes
1. Increased number of layers of epithelial cells
2. Disorderly arrangement of cells from basal layer to the
surface layer
Dysplastic changes often occur due to chronic irritation or prolonged
inflammation
16. Next Video
•Reversible and Irreversible cell injury
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Editor's Notes
Due to external and internal environment, changes observed in the cell
Eg…. Bg-gf he…gf ne kaha tme dusri ladki se bat nai karne ki….
Apoptosis: cell suicide
Necrosis: cell death
Means from starting point to end….
See alohol book me he isi liye likha he…baki I have my utmost respect for alochol
Allergy kind of rection… just like ghar ka bhedi lanka dhaye…
Example: entry of girl in life and boy start changing himself, he is adapting to new conditins
We had appendix but now we don’t, brain with aging....
African contry as well as in india malnutrition …we can see their bones…
Gym jate he…body banana ke lie….muscle size increased….
One type of cell convert into another type of cells
So many things happening simultaneously…
Dysplacia hua matlab tumare lag gaye…