INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Definition of inflammation, Causes, Signs of inflammation, Types of inflammation, Triple response, Phagocytosis, Transudate or Exudate, Difference between transudate and exudate, Granuloma and Granulomatous inflammation
aetiology of inflammation; types of inflammation; how inflammation occur; cells involve in inflammation; role of wbc in inflammation; outcome of inflammation; how inflammation associated with immunity, clotting system, complementary system kinin system, how inflammation is associated with oral cavity; disease associated with inflammatory system
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Definition of inflammation, Causes, Signs of inflammation, Types of inflammation, Triple response, Phagocytosis, Transudate or Exudate, Difference between transudate and exudate, Granuloma and Granulomatous inflammation
aetiology of inflammation; types of inflammation; how inflammation occur; cells involve in inflammation; role of wbc in inflammation; outcome of inflammation; how inflammation associated with immunity, clotting system, complementary system kinin system, how inflammation is associated with oral cavity; disease associated with inflammatory system
This is a presentation on the topic of Inflammation and repair, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
Inflammation- General Pathology seminar PG 1st yearDr. Ritu Gupta
this seminar includes general inflammation, its etiology, acute inflammation, features, events, fate, chronic inflammation, causes, features, types, granulomatous inflammation, acute v/s chronic inflammation, inflammatory disorders of pulp and periradicular tissues
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Localised protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues which serves to destroy , dilute or wall off (sequester) both injurious agent and the injured tissues (Dorlands medical dictionary). Cardinal signs of inflammation
Celsus 1st century AD
Rubor – redness
Tumor -swelling
Calor -heat
Dolor -pain
Virchow
“function laesa”- loss of function
This is a presentation on the topic of Inflammation and repair, prepared by Dr Ashish Jawarkar, he is MD in pathology and a teacher at Parul institute of Medical sciences and research Vadodara.
Inflammation- General Pathology seminar PG 1st yearDr. Ritu Gupta
this seminar includes general inflammation, its etiology, acute inflammation, features, events, fate, chronic inflammation, causes, features, types, granulomatous inflammation, acute v/s chronic inflammation, inflammatory disorders of pulp and periradicular tissues
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Localised protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues which serves to destroy , dilute or wall off (sequester) both injurious agent and the injured tissues (Dorlands medical dictionary). Cardinal signs of inflammation
Celsus 1st century AD
Rubor – redness
Tumor -swelling
Calor -heat
Dolor -pain
Virchow
“function laesa”- loss of function
Inflammation is the body's mechanism for coping with agents that could damage it.
In other words, inflammation is a protective response to rid the body of the cause of cell injury and the resultant necrotic cells that cell injury produces.
Although the processes of acute and chronic inflammation are an important protective mechanism used by the body to deal with potentially damaging agents, they are potentially damaging to the body and must be closely regulated.
“Inflame” redirects here. For the 2017 Turkish film, see
Inflame (film).
Toes inflamed by chilblains
Inflammation (from Latin inflammatio) is part of the
complex biological response of body tissues to harmful
stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants,[1]
and is a protective response involving immune cells,
blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of
inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury,
clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from
the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to
initiate tissue repair.
The classical signs of inflammation are heat, pain, redness,
swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is a
generic response, and therefore it is considered as a mechanism
of innate immunity, as compared to adaptive immunity,
which is specific for each pathogen.[2] Too little
inflammation could lead to progressive tissue destruction
by the harmful stimulus (e.g. bacteria) and compromise
the survival of the organism. In contrast, chronic
inflammation may lead to a host of diseases, such as hay
fever, periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
and even cancer (e.g., gallbladder carcinoma). Inflammation
is therefore normally closely regulated by the body.
Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic.
Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to
harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement
of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes)
from the blood into the injured tissues. A series of biochemical
events propagates and matures the inflammatory
response, involving the local vascular system, the
immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue.
Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation,
leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells
present at the site of inflammation, such as mononuclear
cells, and is characterized by simultaneous destruction
and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.
Inflammation is not a synonym for infection. Infection
describes the interaction between the action of microbial
invasion and the reaction of the body’s inflammatory response
— the two components are considered together
when discussing an infection, and the word is used to imply
a microbial invasive cause for the observed inflammatory
reaction. Inflammation on the other hand describes
purely the body’s immunovascular response, whatever the
cause may be. But because of how often the two are
correlated, words ending in the suffix -itis (which refers
to inflammation) are sometimes informally described as
referring to infection. For example, the word urethritis
strictly means only “urethral inflammation”, but clinical
health care providers usually
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Inflammation:
Overview of the process.
cardinal signs of Inflammation.
Acute and chronic inflammation.
Mediators of inflammation(histamine,serotonin,
prostaglandin, Nitric Oxide & cytokines)
3. Definition:
• Inflammation is a local response (reaction) of living
vasculaized tissues to endogenous and exogenous stimuli.
• The term is derived from the Latin "inflammare"
• meaning to burn.
• Inflammation is fundamentally destined to localize and
eliminate the causative agent and to limit tissue injury.
4. • INFLAMMATION – The Sum Of
Host’s Defense To Infectious
Noxious Stimuli.
11. Inflammatory responses
• 1. Serves to isolate and destroy noxious agents and prepare
the tissue for healing
• Includes: - erythema
Vasodilation
Increase blood
flow to the area
12. Cont..
2. increase capillary permeability
increase movement of antibody proteins
out of the blood stream
H2O
Swelling
14. Cont..
4. Attract WBCs to the injury & activate
Phagocytosis.
Chemotaxis
A unidirectional attraction of leukocytes from vascular channels towards the site of
inflammation within the tissue space guided by chemical gradients (including
bacteria and cellular debris) is called chemotaxis.
Neutrophils (phagocytes) and monocytes (
macrophages)
16. Injurious agents Cell damage
Capillaries leaky
Heat
Clotting proteins
enter
Remove
dead/pathogens
Neutrophils &
monocytes enter the
area
Release
chemicals
Pain
Too much blood edema
Antibodies enter
Blood vessel dilate
redness
Nutrients & O2
Fibrin barrier
Fever
17. • These signs are:
– rubor (redness)
– tumor (swelling)
– calor (heat)
– dolor (pain)
– functio laesa, or loss of function (In the
second century AD, the Greek physician
Galen added this fifth cardinal sign)
cardinal signs of inflammation.
18. • Inflammation may be acute or chronic
ACUTE OR CHRONIC
Depending on the nature of the
stimulus
Effectiveness of the initial reaction
in eliminating the stimulus
The damaged tissues.
20. • Relatively of short duration.
• lasting for minutes.
• several hours or few days.
• It is characterized by exudation of fluids and plasma proteins
• the emigration of predominantly neutrophilic leucocytes to
the site of injury.
22. Reaction of blood vessels.
Changes in the vascular flow and caliberIncreased vascular permeability
• Vasodilation & increased blood flow.
• Increased vascular permeability.
• Slow of blood flow.
• Stasis
• Reactions of leukocytes.
• Exudation. ( protein escape)
• Edema. ( Excess fluid )
• Pus. ( rich in neutrophils)
23. • The escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the
interstitial tissue or body cavities is known as exudation.
• Transudate is a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no
cellular material, and low specific gravity. It is essentially an ultra filtrate of blood
plasma that results from osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across the vessel wall
without an increase in vascular permeability
• Pus, a purulent exudate, is an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly
neutrophils), the debris of dead cells and, in many cases, microbes.
26. Mediators of Inflammation
Inflammatory mediators are soluble,
diffusible molecules that act locally at the
site of tissue damage and infection, and at
more distant sites.
27. It can be…
Platelets, Neutrophils, monocytes and mast cell .
(histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin, Nitric oxide &
cytokines
????????????
Cell
Plasma
protein
TABLE 2-4 -- The Actions of the Principal Mediators of
Inflammation
30. Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation can be defined as a prolonged
inflammatory process (weeks or months) in which active
inflammation, tissue damage and healing occurs at same time.
hi
32. 1. Persistent infections
• Infection such as tuberculosis, leprosy, certain fungi etc
• These organisms are of low toxicity and evoke delayed
hypersensitivity reactions.
33. 2. Progression from acute inflammation: Acute inflammation
almost always progresses to chronic inflammation following.
• Persistent suppuration as a result of uncollapsed abscess
cavities, foreign body materials (dirt, cloth, wool, etc),
sequesterum in osteomyelitis.
34. 3. Prolonged exposure to toxic substances either
endogenous lipid components which result in atherosclerosis or
exogenous substances such as silica, asbestos.
35. 4. Autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis are chronic
inflammations from the outset.
36.
37. Differences Between Acute and Chronic
Inflammation
Features Acute Inflammation Chronic Inflammation
Onset
Rapid onset Insidious/delayed onset
Duration of Course Short (Days) Long (Weeks to Months)
Specificity Non-specific Specific as it involves Acquired
Immunity
Cardinal Signs Pain (Dolor)
Heat (Calor)
Redness (Rubor)
Swelling (Tumor)
Loss of Function (Functio Leasa)
Absent in any of cardinal signs
38. Classification of chronic inflammation:
• Nonspecific chronic inflammation: This involves a diffuse
accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes at site of
injury that is usually productive with new fibrous tissue
formations. E.g. Chronic cholecystitis.
39. • Specific inflammation (granulomatous inflammation):
• Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic
inflammation. It is produced by limited number of infectious and
some noninfectious conditions and involves immune reaction.
• Granulomatous inflammation is characterized by the presence of
granuloma.
40. Granuloma
• Granuloma is an inflammation found in many diseases. It is a
collection of immune cells known as macrophages.
Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall
off substances that it perceives as foreign but is unable to
eliminate.
41.
42. Consequences of defective &excessive
inflammation
• Defective inflammation typically results in increased
susceptibility to infections.
• The inflammatory response is a central component of the
early defense mechanisms.
43. So what will happen..
• Delayed wound healing, because inflammation is essential for
clearing damaged tissues and debris.
• Provides the necessary stimulus to get the repair process
started.
44. • Excessive inflammation is the basis of many types of human
disease.
• Allergies immune responses develop against normally
tolerated self-antigens.
45. Morphologic types of acute inflammation:
• Serous Inflammation Serous inflammation is marked by the outpouring of a
thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of
mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
• Accumulation of fluid in these cavities is called an effusion.
• The skin blister resulting from a burn or viral infection
46. Fibrinous Inflammation
• The exudate which is rich in fibrin is called fibrinous exudate.
• It develops when the vascular leakage allows exudation of
fibrinogen which is then converted to fibrin.
• Eg: Fibrinous pericarditis Bread and butter pericarditis.
47. SUPPURATIVE OR PURULENT
INFLAMMATION; ABSCESS
• This type of inflammation is characterized by the production
of large amounts of pus or purulent exudate consisting of
neutrophils, liquefactive necrosis, and edema fluid. Certain
bacteria (e.g.staphylococci) produce this localized
suppuration and are therefore referred to as pyogenic (pus-
producing) bacteria.
48. • A common example of an acute suppurative inflammation is
acute appendicitis.
• Abscesses are localized collections of purulent inflammatory
tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a
confined space.
49. ULCERS
• An ulcer is a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an
organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding)
of inflamed necrotic tissue.
• It is most commonly encountered in the mucosa of the
mouth, stomach, intestines
Editor's Notes
Plasma and cell Inflammatory mediator secreated by the liver
Plasma and cell Inflammatory mediator secreated by the liver
Cytokines released and have two effects local and systemic- local inflamation and repair and systemic – fever and leukocytosis
margination, rolling, and adhesion to endothelium.
A sequestrum (plural: sequestra) is a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal or sound bon
Macrophages, sometimes called macrophagocytes (Greek: big eaters, from makros "large" + phagein "eat"; abbr. MΦ), are cells produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues.
