Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. HYPERTENSIVE HEARTHYPERTENSIVE HEART
DISEASEDISEASE
• End Organ Damage as a consequence of systemicEnd Organ Damage as a consequence of systemic
hypertension.hypertension.
• Chronic systemic pressure overloadChronic systemic pressure overload
3. HYPERTENSIVE HEARTHYPERTENSIVE HEART
DISEASEDISEASE
• Systemic left sided hypertention heart diseaseSystemic left sided hypertention heart disease
• Pulmonary right sided heart diseasePulmonary right sided heart disease
7. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIADIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
• History or extra cardiac evidence ofHistory or extra cardiac evidence of
hypertensionhypertension
• Left ventricular hypertrophyLeft ventricular hypertrophy
(concentric)(concentric)
• Absence of other lesions that induceAbsence of other lesions that induce
cardiac hypertrophy (e.g aortic valvecardiac hypertrophy (e.g aortic valve
stenosis, aortic coarctation)stenosis, aortic coarctation)
8. PATHOGENESISPATHOGENESIS
Myocyte hypertrophic enlargementMyocyte hypertrophic enlargement
Thickened myocardiumThickened myocardium
-Left ventricular compliance reduced-Left ventricular compliance reduced
-diastolic filling impaired-diastolic filling impaired
-oxygen demand increase.-oxygen demand increase.
-Myocyte hypertrophy increase the distance for-Myocyte hypertrophy increase the distance for
oxygen and nutrient diffusion from adjacentoxygen and nutrient diffusion from adjacent
capillariescapillaries
Coronary atherosclerosis accompanying hypertensionCoronary atherosclerosis accompanying hypertension
add in ischemic element.add in ischemic element.
9. MORPHOLOGHYMORPHOLOGHY
• Left ventricular wall is thickened (>2cm)Left ventricular wall is thickened (>2cm)
• Heart weight increased (> 500gm)Heart weight increased (> 500gm)
• Myocytes and nuclei enlarged.Myocytes and nuclei enlarged.
• Long termLong term
-diffuse interstitial fibrosis-diffuse interstitial fibrosis
-focal myocyte atrophy-focal myocyte atrophy
-degeneration may develop-degeneration may develop
Leading toLeading to
-left ventricular chamber dilatation.-left ventricular chamber dilatation.
-wall thinning-wall thinning
13. CLINICAL FEATURESCLINICAL FEATURES
CHF is cause of death in 1/3 of hypertensive pts.CHF is cause of death in 1/3 of hypertensive pts.
Hypertensive hypertrophy increases risk of sudden cardiac death.Hypertensive hypertrophy increases risk of sudden cardiac death.
Remainder die of renal disease, stroke or unrelated disorders.Remainder die of renal disease, stroke or unrelated disorders.
Therapeutic control of blood pressure in time lead to regression of theTherapeutic control of blood pressure in time lead to regression of the
myocyte hypertrophy and to restoration of heart size.myocyte hypertrophy and to restoration of heart size.
14. PULMONARY RIGHT SIDEDPULMONARY RIGHT SIDED
HEART DISEASEHEART DISEASE
• Cor pulmonale is the right sided counter part to systemicCor pulmonale is the right sided counter part to systemic
hypertensive heart diseasehypertensive heart disease
• Pulmonary hypertensionPulmonary hypertension
-right ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation.-right ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation.
15.
16.
17. HYPERTENSIVE HEARTHYPERTENSIVE HEART
DISEASEDISEASE
• Acute cor pulmonale refers to right ventricular dilatation after massiveAcute cor pulmonale refers to right ventricular dilatation after massive
pulmonary embolizationpulmonary embolization
• Chronic cor pulmonale results from chronic right ventricular pressureChronic cor pulmonale results from chronic right ventricular pressure
overload.overload.
• hypoxemia and acidosis ( in the setting of pneumonia or pulmonary emboli)hypoxemia and acidosis ( in the setting of pneumonia or pulmonary emboli)
can cause vasoconstriction that exacerbates any baseline pulmonarycan cause vasoconstriction that exacerbates any baseline pulmonary
hypertention.hypertention.
18.
19. MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY
• Right ventricular hypertrophy often > than 1cm dilatation orRight ventricular hypertrophy often > than 1cm dilatation or
bothare present.bothare present.
• Right ventricular dilatation can cause tricuspid regurgitation.Right ventricular dilatation can cause tricuspid regurgitation.
• Left side of the heart is essentially normal.Left side of the heart is essentially normal.
• Pulmonary arteriolar wall thickening and atherosclerosisPulmonary arteriolar wall thickening and atherosclerosis
occur secondary to the increased to the increased right sidedoccur secondary to the increased to the increased right sided
pressure.pressure.
20. CLINICAL FEATURESCLINICAL FEATURES
• Can precipitate cardiac decompensation with cardiacCan precipitate cardiac decompensation with cardiac
symptoms being masked by those of the underlying lungsymptoms being masked by those of the underlying lung
disease.disease.
