Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by problems with either the left or right side of the heart. Common causes include heart disease and hypertension. Symptoms depend on whether the left or right side is affected. The left side controls blood flow to the lungs, so left heart failure causes shortness of breath and coughing up blood. The right side controls blood returning from the body, so right heart failure causes fatigue, leg swelling and liver/fluid issues. Over time the heart tries to compensate through enlargement but eventually decompensates leading to further symptoms.
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that results when the heart is unable to provide sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic requirements or accommodate systemic venous return.
Definition
Causes
Pathophysiology
Types Of Heart Failure
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome that results when the heart is unable to provide sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic requirements or accommodate systemic venous return.
Definition
Causes
Pathophysiology
Types Of Heart Failure
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
heart failure (HF) is a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular failure causes shortness of breath and fatigue, and right ventricular failure causes peripheral and abdominal fluid accumulation; the ventricles can be involved together or separately. Diagnosis is initially clinical, supported by chest x-ray, echocardiography, and levels of plasma natriuretic peptides. Treatment includes patient education, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, neprilysin inhibitors, specialized implantable pacemakers/defibrillators and other devices, and correction of the cause(s) of the HF syndrome.
heart failure (HF) is a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction. Left ventricular failure causes shortness of breath and fatigue, and right ventricular failure causes peripheral and abdominal fluid accumulation; the ventricles can be involved together or separately. Diagnosis is initially clinical, supported by chest x-ray, echocardiography, and levels of plasma natriuretic peptides. Treatment includes patient education, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, neprilysin inhibitors, specialized implantable pacemakers/defibrillators and other devices, and correction of the cause(s) of the HF syndrome.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. • Heart failure, often referred to as congestive heart failure
• (CHF), is the common end point for many forms of cardiac
• disease and typically is a progressive condition with a
• poor prognosis.
3. • CHF occurs when the heart cannot generate sufficient output to
meet the metabolic demands of the tissues, or can only do so at
higher-than-normal filling pressures
• greatly increased tissue demands, as in hyperthyroidism, or
decreased oxygen carrying capacity, as in anemia (highoutput failure).
4. • Heart failure may result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction
• Systolic dysfunction results from inadequate myocardial contractile
function, usually as a consequence of ischemic heart disease or
hypertension
• Diastolic dysfunction refers to an inability of the heart to adequately
relax and fill, which may be a consequence of massive left ventricular
hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, amyloid deposition, or constrictive
pericarditis.
5. • When, the failing heart can no longer efficiently pump blood, there is
an increase in end-diastolic ventricular volumes, increased end-
diastolic pressures, and elevated venous pressures. Thus, inadequate
cardiac output— called forward failure—
• is almost always accompanied by increased congestion of the
venous circulation—that is, backward failure.
6. • The cardiovascular system attempts to compensate for reduced
myocardial contractility or increased hemodynamic burden through
several homeostatic mechanisms:
• Frank-Starling mechanism.-
• Increased end-diastolic filling volumes dilate the heart and cause
increased cardiac myofiber stretching; these lengthened fibers
contract more forcibly, thereby increasing cardiac output. If the
dilated ventricle is able to maintain cardiac output by this means, the
patient is said to be in compensated heart failure.
7. • However, ventricular dilation comes at the expense of increased wall
tension and magnifies the oxygen requirements of an already-
compromised myocardium. With time, the failing muscle is no longer
able to propel sufficient blood to meet the needs of the body, and the
patient develops decompensated heart failure
8. • Activation of neurohumoral systems:-
• Release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine by the autonomic
nervous system increases heart rate and augments myocardial
contractility and vascular resistance.
• Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system spurs water
and salt retention (augmenting circulatory volume) and increases
vascular tone.
• Release of atrial natriuretic peptide acts to balance the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system through diuresis and vascular smooth
muscle relaxation
9. • Myocardial structural changes, including augmented muscle mass
• Cardiac myocytes adapt to increased workload by assembling new
sarcomeres, a change that is accompanied by myocyte enlargement
• In pressure overload states-e.g., hypertension or valvular stenosis),
new sarcomeres tend to be added parallel to the long axis of the
myocytes, adjacent to existing sarcomeres. The growing muscle fiber
diameter thus results in concentric hypertrophy—the ventricular wall
thickness increases without an increase in the size of the chamber.
10. • In volume overload states (e.g., valvular regurgitation or shunts), the
new sarcomeres are added in series with existing sarcomeres, so that
the muscle fiber length increases. Consequently, the ventricle tends
to dilate, and the resulting wall thickness can be increased, normal, or
decreased; thus, heart weight—rather than wall thickness—is the
best measure of hypertrophy in volume-overloaded hearts.
11.
12. Left-Sided Heart Failure
• Heart failure can affect predominantly the left or the right side of the
heart or may involve both sides
• The most common causes of left-sided cardiac failure are
• ischemic heart disease (IHD),
• systemic hypertension,
• mitral or aortic valve disease, and
• primary diseases of the myocardium (e.g., amyloidosis).
13. MORPHOLOGY
• Heart.-
• the left ventricle usually is hypertrophied
• The microscopic changes in heart failure are nonspecific, consisting
primarily of myocyte hypertrophy with interstitial fibrosis of variable
severity.
• Lungs
• congestion and edema as well as pleural effusion due to an increase
in hydrostatic pressure in the venules of the visceral pleura
• The lungs are heavy and boggy, and microscopically show perivascular
and interstitial transudates, alveolar septal edema, and accumulation
of edema fluid in the alveolar spaces
15. Right-Sided Heart Failure
• Right-sided heart failure is usually the consequence of left-sided
heart failure, since any pressure increase in the pulmonary
circulation inevitably produces an increased burden on the right side
of the heart
• causes of right-sided heart failure include all of those that induce left-
sided heart failure.
• Isolated right-sided heart failure is infrequent and typically occurs in
patients with one of a variety of disorders affecting the lungs; hence it
is often referred to as cor pulmonale.
16. • The common feature of these disorders is pulmonary hypertension
(discussed later), which results in hypertrophy and dilation of the
right side of the heart.
• In cor pulmonale,myocardial hypertrophy and dilation generally are
confined to the right ventricle and atrium, although bulging of the
ventricular septum to the left can reduce cardiac output by causing
outflow tract obstruction.
17. MORPHOLOGY
• Liver and Portal System
• The liver usually is increased in size and weight (congestive
hepatomegaly). A cut section displays prominent passive congestion, a
pattern referred to as nutmeg liver
• When left-sided heart failure is also present, severe central hypoxia
produces centrilobular necrosis
• Right-sided heart failure can also lead to elevated pressure in the portal
vein and its tributaries (portal hypertension), with vascular congestion
producing a tense, enlarged spleen (congestive splenomegaly).
18. • Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal Spaces
• venous congestion due to right-sided heart failure can lead to
• transudates (effusions) in the pleural and pericardial spaces,
• Subcutaneous Tissues. Edema of dependent portions of
• the body, especially the feet and lower legs, is a hallmark of rightsided
chf
19.
20. RIGHT Heart Failure
FATIGUE
“Dependent” edema
JVD
Hepatomegaly (congestion)
ASCITES, PLEURAL EFFUSION
GI
Cyanosis
Increased peripheral venous pressure
(CVP) (nl = 2-6 mm Hg)