Hydropower plants collect water from an intake to rotate turbines and generate electricity. The water is transported through penstocks to the turbines and the kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy by generators. While hydropower is a clean source of energy and creates recreation areas, it can disrupt local ecology and fish migration. Careful planning is needed to address issues like reduced downstream flows and flooding of upstream lands.

1. Hydropower generation
process and it’s impact on
Environment
Prepared by Bharat upadhyay
Institute of purwanchal
engineering campus
Dharan ,sunsari

5. A
SIMPLE
OVER
VIEW
Layout of hydropower plant

7. The main function of intake is to
collect
Water for turbine rotating
operation.besides it to control the
water entering into canal which
should be silt free otherwise it can
cuause damage problem in turbine
as a result accident may occur.it
also provides turbulence free water
to turbine.trash rack are provided
for removal or cleaning operation of
intake.settling basin is also
provided for collection of silty
matter, finally it is tracked towards
Flushing canal.flushing sluice also
works for removing of silt. Hence
intake design is very important
work in construction of hydropower
project.

8. Penstock pipe is the transporting
media for the water from forbay to
turbine.penstock pipe selection is
important aspect of project because
there is probability of pipe failure
during sudden closure of turbine ,it
creates pressure inside the pipe as a
result water hammering operation
takesplace.during this phenomenon if
selected pipe material has weak
strength the it will burst. So the
selected item should be strong and
economic in terms of engineering
view.besides these it has several
advantage.protection against
temperature change,freezing of
conveyed waster,against animal and
expansion joint is not required.it also
provides protection against
earthquake shocks.

9. It rotates in high rotational speed when water strikes
Its blade.as a result alternating current is generated
In generator. Depending upon force there is two types
Of turbines.which are reaction turbine and impulse
Turbine.depending upon height created there is
Following type of type of turbine are available.Kaplan
Turbine,francis turbine and pelton turbine.

10. The main function of generator is to
provide the current for powerhouse.

11. 6TH ELEMENT:-
TRANSFORMERS

12. 7TH ELEMENT
OUTFLOW / TAILRACE:-
After passing through the turbine the water
returns to the river trough a short canal called a tailrace.
Working principle of tailrace

13. 8.Power house of hydropower
Powerhouse has three different
structure.subsurface,intermediate and
Super structure.depending upon site
location the powerhouse may be
surface,semi underground and
underground.so the powerhouse
constructed should be economical and
Adequate for electricity generation
Process.

14. DAM TURBINE
POWER HOUSE
INTAKE
GENERATOR
PENSTOCK
RESEVOIR
POWER LINE
TRANSFORMER

15. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into
electric energy using a turbine generator. Inside the generator, the
shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is
a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an
electric current.
How a Hydroelectric Power System Works –

16. 1. Minimum potential power is based on the smallest runoff
available in the stream at all times having duration of 100
percent.
2. Small potential power is calculated from the 95 percent
duration discharge .
3. Medium or average potential power is gained from the 50
percent duration discharge.
4. Mean potential power results by evaluating the annual
mean runoff.
For evaluation of hydropower potential of any site
following point should be considered.

17. Hydropower's effect on the environment
Hydropower is a clean source of energy. There are no problems with air pollution, chemical
runoff, toxic waste or the like.
Hydropower plants also create recreation areas and animal habitat. Because of the change in
water location, wide areas after the dam become great for water edge species of
animals. And the large reservoir is good for many types of large fish. Boating areas are
created in the reservoir too, as well as bird watching sites downstream of the dam.
Some problems may still occur though., but through careful planning these can be
eliminated almost completely.
Temporary disruption in the ecology to build the dam, but afterwards this cleared land
can be used to make animal habitat.
downstream of the dam, water flow may be significantly reduced, but careful
monitoring of the land downstream of the dam can give operators enough information
to allow more water to pass through the dam.
Catadramous fish (fish that live in salt water and spawn in fresh water) migration may
be interupted- but fish ladders and fish elevators may be installed to eliminate this
problem. Anadromous (fish that live in fresh water and spawn in salt water) fish do not
have this problem, because they can go right through the turbines which only spin at
81.8 rpms.
Flooding of land upstream of the dam can be a problem, but careful monitoring of the
land upstream of the dam can give operators enough information to allow more water
to run through the dam to compensate for this problem.

18. Advantages of hydropower
It is a clean and safe source of energy
They are self sustaining
They create habitat for more types of fish
They can act as a flood controller
They are the most efficient energy source
running from 90-95% efficiency
Other forms of Hydropower
Tidal power: electricity generated by turbines
moved by the tides. This is still in experimental
stages.
Ocean thermal power: power generated by the
thermal expansion of the ocean. This can only
be used in a location like the Gulf stream.
Geothermal power: natural steam is used
underground to turn turbines. This is limited to
location which have these phenomenon.

19. Advantages of hydropower
It is a clean and safe source of energy
They are self sustaining
They create habitat for more types of fish
They can act as a flood controller
They are the most efficient energy source
running from 90-95% efficiency
Other forms of Hydropower
Tidal power: electricity generated by turbines
moved by the tides. This is still in experimental
stages.
Ocean thermal power: power generated by the
thermal expansion of the ocean. This can only
be used in a location like the Gulf stream.
Geothermal power: natural steam is used
underground to turn turbines. This is limited to
location which have these phenomenon.