This document provides information on hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the essential components which include a catchment area, reservoir, dam, intake house, waterways, power house, and tailrace. It describes the different types of dams and turbines used. Hydroelectric power is a renewable source of energy since water is continuously available from rainfall and rivers. While hydroelectric power plants have many advantages like low operating costs, they also have disadvantages such as high initial costs and reduced power production during drought seasons.
A water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid, usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas, in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; a momentum change. this phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe
In hydroelectric power station the kinetic energy developed due to gravity in a falling water from higher to lower head is utilized to rotate a turbine to produce electricity.
A water hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid, usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas, in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; a momentum change. this phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe
In hydroelectric power station the kinetic energy developed due to gravity in a falling water from higher to lower head is utilized to rotate a turbine to produce electricity.
The outline of the presentation: Site Selection For HP Plant; and Components of HP Plant; Catchment Area; Reservoir; Dam; Fore bay; Sluice Gate; Spillway; Intake Structure; Penstock; Surge Tank; Power House;Turbines; Generators; Draft Tube; Tail Race
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/OFIgUfclEHU
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Hydroelectric power plant classification of hydroelectric power plant , Different types of Hydroelectric power power plant in India factor considered in selection of hydroelectric power plant
The outline of the presentation: Site Selection For HP Plant; and Components of HP Plant; Catchment Area; Reservoir; Dam; Fore bay; Sluice Gate; Spillway; Intake Structure; Penstock; Surge Tank; Power House;Turbines; Generators; Draft Tube; Tail Race
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/OFIgUfclEHU
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Hydroelectric power plant classification of hydroelectric power plant , Different types of Hydroelectric power power plant in India factor considered in selection of hydroelectric power plant
This lecture contains Hydel Generation types of turbines. Capital cost of hydro power plants, Merits & Demerits of Hydro Electric Power , Principle Components of a Hydro-Electric Scheme, Difference Between Pelton’s and Francis Turbine
Hydroelectric power generation, schematic, ELEMENTS OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION, Advantages, Factors influencing the selection of site for hydro electric power stations, CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
HYDROELECTRIC POWERPLANTS : Major hydroelectric plants operational in IndiaMayurjyotiNeog
This brief presentation includes a study a hydroelectric powerplants, how they work, their components, types of hydroelectric powerplants available, its advantages and limitations and hydraulic powerplants in India.
Image result for hydro power plant in india
India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world ranking third worldwide in the total number of dams. As of 31 March 2016, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 42,783 MW, or 14.35% of its total utility power generation capacity.
Hydroelectric power is power harnessed from converting the energy coming from running water. The mechanical energy is transferred from a rotating turbine to a generator, which produces energy. Hydro power is a shorthand term that can be used in place of hydroelectric power, both mechanical and electric.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
2. Introduction:
One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating
electricity on large scale basis is hydropower
The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower.
Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available
in large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be
available for unlimited time to come.
30% of total power of the world is met by hydro-electric power.
Total hydro-potential of the world id 5000 GW.
3.
4. Essential features of Hydro-Electric Power
Plant:
The essential features of a water power plant are as below:
1. Catchment area.
2. Reservoir.
3. Dam and intake house.
4. water way.
5. Power house.
6. Tail race or outlet water way.
1.Catchment Area.
The catchment area of a hydro plant is the whole area behind the
dam, draining into a stream or river across which the dam has
been built at a suitable place.
5. 2- Water reservoir:
In a reservoir the water collected
from the catchment area is stored
behind a dam.
Catchment area gets its water from
rain and streams.
The level of water surface in the
reservoir is called Head water level.
Note : Continuous availability of
water is a basic necessity for a
hydro-electric power plant.
3- Dam :
The purpose of the dam is to store
the water and to regulate the out
going flow of water.
The dam helps to store all the
incoming water. It also helps to
increase the head of the water. In
order to generate a required quantity
of power it is necessary that a
sufficient head is available. 5
6. • Dam are classified based on following factors:
a) Function
b) Shape
c) Construction material
d) Design
a) Based on function the dam may be called as storage dam,
diversion dam or detention dam.
b) Based on the shape the dam may of trapezoidal section &
arch type.
c) The materials used for constructing dams are earth, rock
pieces, stone masonry.
d) According to structural design the dam maybe classified as:
i. Gravity dam
ii. Arch dam
iii. Buttress dam
7. Types of Dam:
1. Masonry Dams.
2. Earth Dams.
The masonry dams are of three major classes:
a) Gravity dam.
b) Buttress dam.
c) Arched dam.
d) Gravity dam:
Resist the pressure of water by its weight.
Construction of material used for his dam, is solid masonry or
concrete.
8. b) Arch dam:
It resist the pressure of water partly due to its
weight and partly due to arch action.
c) Buttress dam:
• Buttress supporting a flat slab.
• When cost of reinforced concrete is high such
type of dam is selected.
9. Spillway:
Excess accumulation of water endangers
the stability of dam construction. Also in
order to avoid the over flow of water out
of the dam especially during rainy
seasons spillways are provided. This
prevents the rise of water level in the
dam.
Spillways are passages which allows the
excess water to flow to a storage area
away from the dam.
Gate:
A gate is used to regulate or control the
flow of water from the dam.
Pressure tunnel:
It is a passage that carries water from the
reservoir to the surge tank.
7 May 2012 9
10. Surge tank:
A Surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which the water level rises or
falls due to sudden changes in pressure.
Purpose of surge tank:
To serve as a supply tank to the turbine when the water in the pipe is
accelerated during increased load conditions and as a storage tank when the
water is decelerating during reduced load conditions.
To reduce the distance between the free water surface in the dam and the
turbine, thereby reducing the water-hammer effect on penstock and also
protect the upstream tunnel from high pressure rise.
Water-hammer effect :
o The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or below normal
pressure caused by sudden change in the rate of water flow through the pipe, according
to the demand of prime mover i.e. turbine
10
11. 4- Water Ways.
Water ways are the passages, through which the water is
conveyed to the turbines from the dam. These may include
tunnels, canals, flumes, forebays and penstocks and also
surge tanks.
A forebay is an enlarged passage for drawing the water
from the reservoir or the river and giving it to the pipe lines
or canals.
7 May 2012 11
13. Number of penstock
A hydro Power Plant uses a number of turbine which are to be
supplied water through penstock.
• To use a single penstock for the whole a plant.
• To use on penstock for each turbine separately.
• To provide multiple penstock but each penstock supplying water
to at least two turbine.
Factors for Selecting number of penstocks:
• Economy.
• Operational safety.
• Transportation facilities.
14. 5- Power House.
The power house is a building in which the turbines, alternators
and the auxiliary plant are housed. Some important items of
equipment provided in the power house are as follows:
i. Turbines
ii. Generators
iii. Governors
iv. Relief valve for penstock setting
v. Gate valve
vi. Transformer
vii. Switch board equipment and instruments
viii. Oil circuit breaker
ix. Storage batteries
x. Outgoing connections
xi. Cranes
xii. Shops & offices
15. The surface power house has been broadly divided into three
subdivisions which is separated
from the intake as mentioned below :
(a) Substructure ;
(b) Intermediate structure ;
(c) Super-structure.
16. Draft tube:
It is connected to the outlet of the turbine.
It allows the turbine to be placed above the tail water level.
6- Tail water level or Tail race:
o Tail water level is the water level after the discharge from the
turbine. The discharged water is sent to the river, thus the level of
the river is the tail water level.
Electric generator, Step-up transformer and Pylon :
As the water rushes through the turbine, it spins the turbine shaft,
which is coupled to the electric generator. The generator has a
rotating electromagnet called a rotor and a stationary part called a
stator. The rotor creates a magnetic field that produces an electric
charge in the stator. The charge is transmitted as electricity. The
step-up transformer increases the voltage of the current coming
from the stator. The electricity is distributed through power lines
also called as pylon.
17. Classification of hydro-Electric power plant
The classification of hydro electric power plant depend on the following
factors:
1) Quantity of water:
It is following types.
i. Run of river plant.
ii. Storage plant.
iii. Pumped storage.
2) Availability of Head of Water:
a) Low head plant. Operating head < 15m.
b) Medium head plant. Operating head 15 to 50m.
c) High head plants Operating head > 50m.
18. a) Low head plant
• Operating head is less than 15m.
• Vertical shaft Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine.
• Small dam is required.
19. a) Medium head plant
• Operating head is less than 15 to 50m.
• Francis turbines.
• Forebay is provided at the beginning of the penstock.
20. a) High head plant
• Operating head exceed 50m.
• Pelton turbines.
• surge tank is attached to the penstock to reduce water hammer effect on the
penstock.
21. Advantages of hydel power plant :
Water is a renewable energy source.
Maintenance and operation charges are very low.
The efficiency of the plant does not change with age.
In addition to power generation, hydro-electric power
plants are also useful for flood control, irrigation
purposes, fishery and recreation.
Have a longer life(100 to 125 years) as they operate at
atmospheric temperature.
Water stored in the hydro-electric power plants can also
be used for domestic water supply.
Since hydro-electric power plants run at low speeds(300
to 400 rpm) there is no requirement of special alloy steel
construction materials or specialised mechanical
maintenance.
22. Disadvantages of hydel power plant :
The initial cost of the plant is very high.
Since they are located far away from the load centre, cost of
transmission lines and transmission losses will be more.
During drought season the power production may be reduced
or even stopped due to insufficient water in the reservoir.
Water in the reservoir is lost by evaporation.
23. Draft Tube:
Reaction turbines must be completely enclosed because a
pressure difference exists between the working fluid (water) in
the turbine and atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary to
connect the turbine outlet by means of a pipe known as draft
tube upto tailrace level.
Types of Draft Tubes
(1) Conical Draft Tube.
This is known as tapered draft tube and used in all reaction
turbines where conditions permit. It is preferred for low specific
speed and vertical shaft Francis turbine. The maximum cone
angle of this draft tube is limited to 8° (a = 4°). The hydraulic
efficiency of such type of draft tube is 90%.
24. 2- Elbow Type Draft Tube.
The elbow type draft tube is often preferred in most of the power
plants, where the setting of vertical draft tube does not permit
enough room without excessive cost of excavation.
3- Moody Draft Tube.
This draft tube has an advantage that its conical portion at the
center reduces the whirl action of water moving with high velocity
centre reduces.
25. Hydraulic Turbines
Advantages:
Simple in construction.
Easily controllable.
Efficient.
Ability to work at peak load.
Work on load variation.
Start from cold conditions & pick up load at short time.
Types of turbines:
a) Impulse
b) Reaction
26. Impulse Turbine:
The passages are not completely filled, water acting on a wheel
buckets is at atmospheric pressure and is supplied at few points at the
periphery of wheel & kinetic energy is supplied to the wheel.
Casing
Penstock
Nozzle
Runner
Buckets
Needle Valve
shaft
27. Reaction Turbine:
Water passages are completely filled with water, water acting on
wheel vanes is under pressure greater than atmospheric, water enter
all around the periphery of wheel and energy is in the form of both
pressure & kinetic energy is utilized by the wheel.
Essential parts:
Spiral casing
Guide wheel
Runner
Draft tube
• Horizontal shaft type or vertical shaft type turbine
• Low & medium head turbines
28. Direction of flow of water:
I. Tangential flow turbine
II. Radial flow turbine.
III. Axial flow turbine.
IV. Mixed flow turbine.
Types of turbine Flow direction
Kaplan turbine Axial flow
Franics Turbine Radial inward or mixed flow
Pelton wheel Tangential flow
29. Position of shaft:
I. Vertical shaft turbine.
II. Horizontal shaft turbine.
Head of water:
I. High head turbines.
II. Medium head turbines.
III. Low head turbines.
Impulse turbines high head.
Reaction turbines low & medium heads.
30.
31. Performance of water turbine:
Important parameter for any particular turbine are:
• Discharge
• Head
• Efficiency
• Speed
• Power
The turbine characteristic like unit power, unit speed & unit discharge
help in studying the performance of turbines.
32.
33.
34.
35. Specific Speed:
The specific speed of a turbine is defined as the speed at which the
turbine runs developing one B.H.P. under a head of one meter.
The equation for the specific speed of a turbine can be obtained by
using the principle of similarity.
where D and N are diameter and speed of a turbine and H is the head
acting on the turbine.
where B is the height of the blade and Vf is the velocity of flow.
Substituting the value of D in the above equation.
where P is the power developed.
36. Substituting the value of Q in the above equation, we get
where C is constant depending upon the type of the turbine.
If the turbine develops 1 B.H.P. under one meter head then
C = N = N.
where Ns is the specific speed as per the definition.
Substituting the value of C in the above equation, we get
37.
38.
39.
40. SELECTION OF SITE FOR A HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
The following factors should be given careful consideration
while selecting a site for a hydro-electric power plant:
1. Water Available.
The recorded observation should be taken over a number of years to
know within reasonable, limits the maximum and minimum
variations from the average discharge. the river flow data should be
based on daily, weekly, monthly and yearly flow ever a number of
years. Then the curves or graphs can be plotted between tile river
flow and time. These are known as hygrographs and flow
duration curves.
41. 2. Water-Storage.
The output of a hydropower plant is not uniform due to wide
variations of rain fall. To have a uniform power output, a water
storage is needed so that excess flow at certain times may be stored
to make it available at the times of low flow. To select the site of the
Dam, careful study should be made of the geology and topography of
the catchment area to see if the natural foundations could be found
and put to the best use.
3. Head of Water.
The level of water in the reservoir for a proposed plant should always
be within limits throughout the year.
42. 4. Distance from Load Center.
Most of the time the electric power generated in a hydro-electric
power plant has to be used some considerable distance from the
site of plant. For this reason, to be economical on transmission of
electric power, the routes and the distances should be carefully
considered since the cost of erection of transmission lines and
their maintenance will depend upon the route
selected.
5. Access to Site.
It is always a desirable factor to have a good access to the site of
the plant. This factor is very important if the electric power
generated is to be utilized at or near the plant site. The transport
facilities must also be given due consideration.
43. Hydrology
• It is natural science that deal with the distribution of water on land
beneath the surface of earth.
• It deal with the solid, liquid & vapour forms of water.
Hydrologic cycle:
The various processes involved in the transfer of moisture from the sea
to the land and back to the sea again constitute which is called
hydrologic cycle.
Hydrologic eq. is expressed as follows:
P=R+E
Where,
P = perspiration
R = Run-off
E = Evaporation.
44. Perspiration:
It includes all the water that falls from atm. To the earth
surface. Mostly perspiration is of two types.
Liquid perspiration (rainfall)
Solid perspiration (Snow, Hail storm)
Run-off:
It is that portion of the perspiration which makes its way
towards stream, lakes or ocean.
Run-off occur only if the rate of perspiration exceed the rate
at which water infiltrate into the soil & after depression
small and large on the soil surface get filled in the water.
Evaporation:
Transfer of water from liquid to vapour state
Transpiration:
Process by which water is released to the atmosphere by the
plant.
45. Assignment
• Topics: 6.37 & 6.38(6.38.1, 6.38.2, 6.38.3,
6.38.4)
• Examples:
• 6.1 to 6.13, 6.15 to 6.20.