Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
What is the different between the net pay and resrvoir thicknessStudent
Prepared by Yasir Albeatiy
Contact me with information below:
E-Mail: yasiralbeatiy2015@gmail.com
Phone No. + Whatsapp : +9647828319225
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
calculating reservoir pressure, knowing Depth of gas-oil. oil water interface, GOC AND WOC, numeric method to calculate interface. importance of isobaric maps in estimating reservoir pressure.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
What is the different between the net pay and resrvoir thicknessStudent
Prepared by Yasir Albeatiy
Contact me with information below:
E-Mail: yasiralbeatiy2015@gmail.com
Phone No. + Whatsapp : +9647828319225
Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/petroleumengineeringz
calculating reservoir pressure, knowing Depth of gas-oil. oil water interface, GOC AND WOC, numeric method to calculate interface. importance of isobaric maps in estimating reservoir pressure.
Drill stem test (DST) is one of the most famous on-site well testing that is used to unveil critical reservoir and fluid properties such as reservoir pressure, average permeability, skin factor and well potential productivity index. It is relatively cheap on-site test that is done prior to well completion. Upon the DST results, usually, the decision of the well completion is taken.
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
ALL ABOUT NATURAL GAS : DEFINITION,FORMATION,PROPERTIES,COMPOSITION,PHASE BEHAVIOR ,CONDITIONING"DEHYDRATION ,SWETENING" AND FINAL PROCESSING TO END USER PRODUCTS
We ensure safe execution of all natural gas dehydration processes. Formulated solvents are used for acid gas treatment to achieve proper bio gas processing. If you getting more information about that visit on to http://www.deltapurification.com/ or call (306)-352-6132
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
This document provides a basic overview of the fundamental rock properties. It delivers a detailed analysis of the basic reservoir rock properties like porosity, permeability, Fluid saturation , wettability, etc.
THE PHASE RULE
phase rule
degree of freedom in mixture
one component system
two component system
pressure temperature diagram sulfur hydrogen
eutectic eutectoid mixture
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. What is a phase?
• A phase is any homogeneous and physically distinct
region that is separated from another such region by
a distinct boundary
• For example a glass of H2O with some ice in it
contains one component (the water) exhibiting three
phases; liquid, solid, and gaseous (the water vapour).
• The most relevant phases in the oil industry are
liquids (water & oil), gases (or vapours), and to a
lesser extent, solid.
3. General Hydrocarbon phase Behaviour
• As the conditions of pressure and temperature vary, the phases
in which hydrocarbons exist, and the composition of the phases
may change.
• It is important to understand the initial condition of fluids to be
able to calculate surface volumes represented by subsurface
hydrocarbons.
• It is also necessary to be able to predict phase changes as the
temperature and pressure vary both in the reservoir and as the
fluids pass through the surface facilities, so that the appropriate
subsurface and surface developments plans can be made.
• Phase behaviour describes the phase or phases in which a mass
of fluid exists at given conditions of pressure, volume and
temperature (PVT)
4. PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF HYDROCARBONS
When fluids are produced from a subsurface reservoir to the surface both
temperature and pressure are reduced.
The P-T changes result in two kinds of phase change in the produced
fluids:
1. Liquid may condense from the produced gas.
2. Gas may evolve from the produced liquid.
Similar changes take place in the subsurface reservoir as a result of the
isothermal (constant temperature) pressure change generated by fluid
production:
1. Condensate (liquid) may be produced in the reservoir from the gas
phase.
2. Solution gas may be evolved in the reservoir from the liquid phase.
5. Concept of Equilibrium
• Two phases reach the state of equilibrium when no changes-variation
of composition-occur with time if the system is left at the
prevailing constant pressure and temperature.
• Any multiphase system reaches equilibrium when it attains its
minimum energy level.
• The properties exhibited by any substance depend upon its phase,
namely, whether it is in solid, liquid, or gaseous phase.
• Substances can be classified into two types – pure or single
component, and multicomponent.
• Phase behaviour relationship can be determined from laboratory
pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) studies, or using theoretical /
empirical methods such as the use of equations of state ( PV = nRT)
• These relationships are frequently shown graphically as phase
diagrams.
6. Phase behaviour of a pure component
How isothermal pressure change affects fluid phase?
Fluid Pressure
Fluid Volume
Note: Isothermal pressure change is a common assumption for hydrocarbon production.
7. Phase behaviour of a pure component
How temperature affects fluid phase
(in a constant pressure)
A
B
C
D
Temperature
Fluid Volume
8. Phase behaviour of fluids
Liquid Phase
Solid Phase
Temperature
Pressure
Supercritical Phase
Gas Phase
9. Phase behaviour of a pure fluid (single component)
Liquid Phase
Temperature
Pressure
Supercritical
Phase
Gas Phase
Critical Point (CP)
Tcrit
Pcrit
The vapour pressure line separates the P-T stability field for liquid from
that for gas.
CP represents the critical point for the phase corresponding to the critical
pressure Pcrit and critical temperature Tcrit. Above this point the behaviour
of the two fluid phases are indistinguishable.
10. TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM
P
T
PHASE 1&2
LIQUID
PHASE 1&2
GAS
PHASE 1
GAS
+
PHASE 2
LIQUID
For two separate individual phases, the vapour pressure lines are different.
Phase 1 represents a lower molecular weight alkane (e.g., ethane).
Phase 2 represents a higher molecular weight alkane (e.g., heptane).
11. oil condensate gas
Bubble-point Line
LIQUID
GAS
LIQUID
+
GAS
P
T
CB CP
CT
Phase Behaviour
of
a Multi-component
System
Dew-point Line
For a multi-component system, the bubble-point line divides the liquid
stability field from the liquid + gas field. The dew-point line divides the liquid +
gas field from the gas stability field.
The bubble-point (BPL) and dew-point (DPL) lines meet at the critical point
(CP).
CB = cricondenbar (max. P).
CT = cricondentherm (max. T)
12. PHASE BEHAVIOUR
CP
LIQUID
GAS
P
T
20%
X
40%
80% 60%
The various lines between the BPL and DPL are labeled with the
percentage of liquid in the liquid + gas stability field. On the BPL the fluid
is 100% liquid and on the DPL the fluid is 0% liquid (i.e., 100% gas.)
At the point X, the fluid consists of 70% liquid and 30% gas.
13. ISOTHERMAL OIL PRODUCTION
A
B
LIQUID
GAS
P
CP
T
40% 20%
80% 60%
In an oil reservoir, when an isothermal pressure drop occurs from A to
B, gas begins to be exsolved from solution in the liquid at the BPL.
Gas exsolution increases the compressibility of the reservoir and
makes liquid recovery less efficient. Pressure maintenance is
sometimes used to prevent liquid oil reservoirs from crossing the BPL.
14. D
E
CP
LIQUID
GAS
P
T
40% 20%
80% 60%
C A
B
ISOTHERMAL GAS PRODUCTION
Consider an isothermal reduction in pressure from point A to point B.
The fluid in the reservoir is dry gas throughout the P-T path.
Now consider an isothermal pressure drop from point C. At point D,
the P-T path crosses the DPL and liquid condenses from the gas. At
E, the P-T path recrosses the DPL and the condensate is
revapourized.
15. LIQUID
CP
GAS
P
T
“CONDENSATE” FLUIDS
Retrograde gas “condensate” fluids preferentially deposit the valuable,
heavier alkane fraction in the pore space when the P-T path crosses the
DPL. This loss of liquid moves the phase envelope down and to the
right in P-T space.
The result is that liquid is not revapourized and may not be recoverable.
Dry gas injection can prevent such losses by maintaining the reservoir
pressure above the DPL.
16. Phase enevelopes for natural gas
reservoir fluids
Initial conidtion within
the reservoir
From Ayala, 2006
Surface conidtion
conidtion within the
reservoir after
delpletion
17. Phase behavior of a Reservoir’s hydrocarbon during isothermal
production
Oil and Gas:
Two phase oil and/or gas below CP.
(Retrograde Gas) Condensate:
Single phase wet gas between the CP and CT.
Gas:
Single phase dry gas above CT.
Condensate
18. Schematic Pressure- Temperature Diagram
of a Binary Mixture
The phase rule indicates that in a
binary vapour- liquid system, both
the temperature and the pressure
are independent variables
The phase envelope, inside which
the two phase coexist, is bounded
by the bubble point and dew point
curve
The two curves meet at the critical
(C), where all differences between
and two phases vanish and the
phases become indistinguishable
Two phase can coexist at some
conditions above critical point
The highest pressure (B) and the
highest temperature (D) on the
phase envelope are called the
cricondenbar and cricondentherm,
respectively
Pressur
e
Temperature
B
Critical
Point
C
Two Phase
Region
D
19. Vapor
Pressure
Curve for pure
Component A
Critical
Point
Cricondenbar
Two phase
envelope for
mixture A+B
Cricondentherm
Dew point
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure- Temperature Diagram for a Binary System
Bubble point
Vapor
Pressure
Curve for pure
Component B
20. Bubble Point
0% vapour,
100% liquid
A2
Critical
Point
Cricondenbar
Two phase
region
Cricondentherm
Dew point
100% vapour, 0% liquid
A1
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure- Temperature Diagram for a Binary System
21. As the pressure drops the compositions of both the liquid and the gas
phases change continuously: at the bubble point the first gas appears
and at the dew point vapour alone remains
One consequence of this behavior is that the pressure- temperature
plot is no longer a simple curve as for the single component; instead, it
is an envelope
The maximum pressure defined by this envelope is known as the
cricondenbar; above it, the liquid and gas phases cannot coexist
The maximum temperature defined by the envelope (the
cricondentherm) is one above which the two phase cannot coexist
The critical point is the point on the envelope at which the properties
of the gaseous and liquid phases become identical- it is not related in
any simple way to the cricondenbar or the cricondentherm
Also shown are lines of various volume percentage of the liquid phase
22. Pressure- Volume Diagram of Binary
Mixture
Pressur
e
C, Critical Point
Two Phase Region
Vapour
T <Tc
T3
Liquid
Volume
T >Tc
T =Tc
23. A series of expansions can be performed at various
constant temperatures and a pressure volume diagram
built up and the locus of the bubble point and dew point
values gives the bubble point and dew point lines which
meet at the critical point
Conditions under the bubble point and dew point lines
represent the conditions where two phase coexist whereas
those above these curves represent the conditions where
only one phase exist
At the critical temperature the P, T curve goes through the
critical point
24. Variation of Saturated Fluid Density
With Temperature
The densities of vapour and
liquid phases approach each
other as the temperature
increases
They become equal at
conditions known as the
critical point
All the differences between
the phases are reduced as the
system approaches the
critical point
The phases become the same
and indistinguishable at the
Critical
Point
Saturate
d Liquid
Saturate
d Vapour
Temperature critical point
Densit
y