The document provides an outline of grammar topics in Spanish including stem changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, irregular verbs, sequencing events, the preterite tense, trigger words for spelling changes in verbs, deber and the infinitive, modal verbs, present progressives, and adverbs.

1. Jaclyn Regnery

2. Table of Contents
 1. Nacionalidades  13. Preterite
 2. Stem Changing Verbs  14. Deber and Infinitive
 3. Indirect Object Pronouns  15. Modal Verbs
 4. Pronoun Placement  16. Present Progressives
 5. Gustar  17. Adverbs
 6. Affirmative and Negative
Words
 7. Superlatives
 8. Reflexives
 9. Affirmative Commands
 10. Negative Command
 11. Irregulars
 12. Sequencing Events

4. Stem Changing Verbs
 o>ue Almorzar almuerzo almorzamos
almuerzas almorzaís
almuerza almuerzan
 e>I Pedir pido pedimos
pides pedís
pide piden
 e>ie Pensar pienso pensamos
piensas pensaís
piensa piensan

5. Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular Plural
Me Nos
me us
Te Os
familiar you familiar you
Le Les
formal you, him/her you, them

6. Pronoun Placement
 Affirmative Command
When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the
command.
Cruza el parque > ¡Crúzalo!
 Negative Command
Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with
other conjugated verbs.
¡No lo uses! > Don‟t use it
 Indirect Object Pronouns/ Direct Object Pronouns can go in four
places:
 Before conjugated verb
 Attach to an infinitive
 Attach to a gerrund

7. Gustar
Singular Plural
Me gusta… Me gustan…
Te gusta… Te gustan…
Le gusta… Le gustan…
Nos gusta… Nos gustan…
Os gusta… Os gustan…
Les gusta… Les gustan…

8. Affirmative and Negative
Words
Affirmative Words Negative Words
algo nada
something nothing
alguien nadie
someone no one
algún/alguno(a) ningún/ninguno(a)
some none, not any
siempre nunca
always never
también tampoco
also neither, either

9. Superlatives
To express extremes with most adjectives, drop
the final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a).
The adjective must agree in gender and number
with the noun it modifies.
c>qu rico(a)>riquísimo(a)
g>gu largo(a)>larguísimao(a)
z>c feliz>felicísimo(a)
La idea de Guillermina es interesantisima.
Guillermina’s idea is very interesting.

10. Reflexives
 Reflexive pronouns are used with reflexive verbs
to indicate that the subject of the sentence
receives the action of the verb.
Me lavo Nos lavamos
Te lavas Os lavaís
Se lava Se lavan
 When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person
doing the action does not receive the action.
Pepa se lava. Pepa lava el carro.
Pepa washes herself. Pepa washes the car.

11. Affirmative Commands
 Give instructions or commands to someone by
using the affirmative tú commands of regular
verbs.
Caminar: ¡Camina!
¡Camina en el parque!
Comer: ¡Come!
¡Come toda la hamburguesa!
Abrir: ¡Abre!
¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!
 Drop the „s‟

12. Negative Commands
 When you tell someone what not to do, you use a
negative command.
 They are formed by
Hablo < -es for –ar verbs
¡No hables!
Vuelvo < -as for -er and –ir verbs
¡No vuelvas!
 Taking the yo form of the present tense
 Dropping the -o
 Adding the appropriate ending and adding „s‟
 ar>e
 ir, er>a

13. Irregulars
 Affirmative  Negative
Infinitive Command Infinitive (yo form) Command
decir di tener (tengo) No
hacer haz tengas
ir ve venir (veno) No venas
poner pon dar (doy) No dé/digas
salir sal ir (voy) No vayas
ser sé ser (soy) No seas
tener ten hacer (hago) No
hagas
venir ven
estar (estoy) No
estés
saber (sepo) No

14. Sequencing Events
Primero First
Entonces Then
Segundo Second
Luego/Después Then/After
Por Fin Finally
Antes de/Después de Before/After
Por la maňana/tarde/noche In the
morning/afternoon/night

15. Preterite =Past Tense
ar er/ir
e amos i imos
aste iste
o aron io ieron
Hable Escribi
Hablamos Escribimos
Hablaste Escribiste
Hablo Escribio Escribieron
Hablaron

16. Trigger Words

17. -Gar, -Car, -Zar
 In order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, an number of verbs
change spelling in the preterite tense. The following changes occur
in the “yo” form only.
-gar gue
• Colgar, jugar, llegar, pagar, plegar, regar, rogar, tragar, vagar
-car que
• Buscar, clarificar, clasificar, destacar, empacar, justificar,
practicar, sacar, tocar
-zar ce
• Almorzar, autorizar, cazar, comenzar, cruzar, empezar, forzar,
organizar, simbolizar

18. Deber =Should
 Use a conjugated form of Deber with
an infinitive form of another verb.
Debo Debemos
Debes Debeis
Debe Deben
 Debo barrer el suelo.
 Debes limpiar la cocina.
 Debe sacra la basura.

19. Modal Verbs =Deber +
Infinitive
 When verbs are used in modal verbs
combinations...
 The second verb is not conjugated but rather left in the
infinitive form.
 You would never say “no puedo nado”
 Deber
 Desear
 Necesitar
 Poder
 Querer
 Saber
 Soler

20. Present Progressives
 When you use pronouns with the present
progressive, you can put them in either in front
of the conjugated form of estar or attach them
to the end of the present participle.
 When the stem of an –er or –ir verbs ends in a
vowel, change the –iendo or –yendo to form
the present participle.
 -ar -ando
 -er/-ir -iendo

21. Adverbs
 Irregular Adverbs:
 Mucho– alot
 Muy– very You can
 Mal– bad
 Bien– good/well
change an
 Ya– already adjective to an
 Tan– so adverb by
 Demasiado– too adding –
 Nunca– never
 Poco– little
mente.
 Peer- worse
 Siempre- already