The document provides an overview of key elements of Spanish grammar including: 1. Present tense verb conjugations for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. 2. Stem-changing verbs and irregular "yo" forms. 3. The difference between saber and conocer. 4. Reflexive verbs and the impersonal "se". 5. Dipthongs, verbs ending in -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, and -ger/-gir. 6. The use of hace + infinitive to form the present and preterite.

1. EL LIBRO DE LA
GRAMÁTICA
Camila Boyd

2. TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1. PRESENT TENSE 7. DIPTHONGS
2. STEM CHANGERS 8. –UIR/GUIR, -CER/CIR
3. IREEGULARS “YO” 9. -GER/GIR VERBS
4. SABER VS. CONOCER LIKE…
5. REFLEXIVE 10. HACE+___+QUE+
PRESENT/ PRETERATE
6. “SE” IMPERSONAL
11. SER VS. ESTAR

3. PRESENT
TENSE
AR ER IR
O O O
AS ES ES
A E E
AMOS EMOS IMOS
AN EN EN
• HABLO, COMPRAS, BUSCA, CENAMOS, ESPERAN
• APRENDO, PERDES, BEBE, VENDEMOS, COMEN
• PEDO, VIVES, MORE, ADVERTIMOS, SENTEN

4. STEM CHANGERS
• E  IE
• EI
• O  UE
• U  UE
***VERBS DON’T
CHANGE IN
NOSOTROS AND
VOSOTROS***

5. IRREGULARS
“YO”
~ “GO” VERBS: CAER, DECIR, OIR, PONER, HACER, TENER,
TRAER, VENIR
EXAMPLE: HACER  HAGO… TENER  TENGO
~ “ZCO” VERBS (-CER/-CIR): CONOCER, PRODUCIR, CONDUCIR
EXAMPLE: CONOZCO, PRODUZCO
~ Y LOS DEMAS: SER, ESTAR, IR , VER, SABER, DAR

6. SABER VS. CONOCER
• Both saber y conocer translate to the
English verb “to know”
Both “yo” forms are irregular
EX: Conocer EX: Saber
Conozco Conocemos Sé Sabemos
Conoces Conocen Sabes Saben
Conoce Sabe

7. REFLEXIVES
• Camila se lava- se is reflexive
**Reflexives also can be added on the end of an
infinitive.**
EX:
Puedo verme en el espejo

8. “SE” IMPERSONAL
• Pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general
statements.
¿Cómo se dice cantaloupe en español?
~In English it will regurgitate to either “you say” or
“one says” for the answer.

9. DIPTHONGS WITH
ACCENTS
• Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to
each other.
**Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.
**Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.
EX: *two strong
puerto, ciudad, siete, hay. vowels cannot
be in the same
syllable.

10. -UIR/-GUIR
Guir Uir
-Nosotros form is the only form that
-Yo form only changes from Gu to G
doesn’t change.
-Verbs that end in -uir add y before the
letters o, e, and a .
EX: Conseguir EX: Atribuir
consigo atribuyo
consigues atribuyes
consigue atribuye
conseguimos atribuimos
consiguen atribuyen

11. -CER/-CIR
• Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c.
• Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z.
EX:
conducir = conduzco
ejercer = ejerzo

12. -GER/-GIR & VERBS LIKE…
Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j.
EX:
coger = cojo
fingir = finjo

13. HACE+____+QUE+
PRESENT/PRETERATE
The YO form is the only irregular.
EX:
Salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salen
Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen

14. IMPERFECTO
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred
repeatedly.
EX:
Yo caminaba todo los días.
Ser- Ir- Ver- Ar- Er/Ir-
aba ía
era iba veía
abas ías
eras ibas veías
aba ía
era iba veía
ábamos íamos
éramos íbamos veíamos
aban ían
eran iban veían