The document provides information on Spanish grammar concepts including: - Conjugations of different verb types such as AR, ER, IR verbs. - Uses of verbs like tener, ir, ser. - Formation of the preterite, imperfect, conditional and other verb tenses and aspects. - Uses of adverbs, pronouns, commands, superlatives and other grammar elements. - Charts illustrating spelling changes and examples of conjugations.

1. Ibi Fornuto

2.  Imperfect  Past
 Preterite  Future
 Car, gar, zar  Irregular
 Spock  Superlatives
 Cucaracha  Formal Commands
 Snake/ snake  Prepositions
 Modal
 Demonstratives
 Adverbios
 Progressive
 Present

3. Aba Ía
Abas Ías
Ábamos Ía
Abais Íamos
Aban Íais

4. “AR” Verbs
“ER/ IR” Verbs é
í
aron aste
ieron iste
amos ó
imos ió

5.  Spelling change only in the first person.
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
• Toque • Juque • Comence
• Tocaste • Jugaste • Comenzaste
• Toco • Jugo • Comenzo
• Tocamos • Jugamos • Comenzamos
• Tocaron • Jugaron • Comenzaron

6. • Hice
Hacer
• Hiciste
• Hizo
• Hicimos
• Hicieron
Dar y • D/V I
• D/V iste
• D/V io
Ver • D/V imos
• D/V ieron
• Fui
Ir y Ser
• Fuiste
• Fue
• Fuimos
• Fueron

7. Andar anduv-
Estar estuv-
Poder pud- -e
Poner pus- -iste
Querer quis- -o
Saber sup- -imos
Tener tuv- -isties
-ieron
Venir vin-
Decir dij- -e
Traer traj- -ste
-o
-mos
Conducir conduj-
-sties
Producir Produj- -eron
Traducir Traduj

8.  To write the third person (él/ella/ud. and ellos/ellas/uds) preterite form
of –er and –ir verbs with stems that end in a vowel, change the I to y.
 All of these preterite form require an accent, EXCEPT the
ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.
SNAKE SNAKEY
Dormir Leer
Dormí Leí
Dormimos Leimos
Dormiste Leiste
Durmió Leyó
Durmieron Leyeron

9.  Conjugate and pair the modal verbs with an infinitive to get a new
meaning.
-Ir+a+infinitive (going to do something)
-Tener Que+ Infinitive (to have to do something)
-Poder+infinitive (are able to do something)
-Soler+Infinitive (to be accustomed to)
-Necesitar+infinitive (need to do something
-Querer+infinitive (need to do something)
-Deber+infinitive (want to do something)

10.  Add –mente to feminine singular form
 When it ends with “e” though, it stays that way.
 Claro Clara Claramente Clearly
 When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the
second one uses –mente.
 Juan trabaja lenta y cuidosamente.
 Reciente~ Recientemente
 Frecuente~ Frecuentemente
 Normal~ Normalmente

11.  Estar + -ando/ -iendo/ -yendo
 When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel,
chonge the -iendo to -yendo to form the present
participle.
 Stem changing verbs have vowel change in the stem (e
to i)
 Combine “to be” with present participle.
 When you use pronouns with the present progressive,
you can put them in one of two places.
 Before the conjugated form of estar.
 or attach them to the end of the present participle.
 Estoy sacandolas para algo muy importante.
 Las estoy sacando para algo muy importante.

12.  Ifyou want to say that you did
something, you will use a conjugated
form of the past tense of estar followed
by the present participle of the verb
(formed by adding –ando or -iendo).
 I was walking = Estaba caminando
 I was singing = Estaba cantando
 I was eating = Estaba comiendo

13. -é
-ás
Infinitive + -á
-emos
-án
Los Irregulares
Decir dir-
Hacer har-
Poner pondr- -é
Salir saldr- -ás
Tener tendr- -á
Valer vendr- -emos
Poder podr- -án
Querer querr-
Saber sabr-

14.  The conditional is used to express
probability, possibility, wonder or
conjecture.
 It is usually translated as would, could, must
have or probably.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in
the conditional, add one of the following to
the infintive: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían.

15.  Superlatives are necessary when
comparing the attributes of two things.
 definite article + noun + más (menos)
+ adjective + de
 Juan es el chico más inteligente de la
clase.
John is the smartest boy in the class.

16.  Commands are used when ordering, or telling
someone to do something.
 There are two type of commands: formal and
informal. Informal commands would be used
when talking with friends while formal
commands would be used as a form of respect.
 Formal commands are formed by (1) starting in
the yo form of the present idicative, (2)
dropping the -o ending, and then (3) by adding -
e or -en for AR verbs and -a or -an for ER/ IR
verbs.
 Escriba Ud. la carta.

17. a (to, at) en vez de (instead of)
al (upon) en (in, at)
al lado de (beside) encima de (above, on top)
ante (before) enfrente de (in front of)
antes de (before) entre (between, among)
bajo (under) fuera de (outside)
cerca de (near) hacia (towards)
como (like) hasta (until)
con (with) lejos de (far from)
contra (against) menos (except)
de (from, of, about) para (for)
debajo de (under, beneath) por (for, on account of)
delante de (in front of) salvo (except)
dentro de (inside) según (according to)
desde (since) sin (without)
después de (after) sobre (about, above/on)
detrás de (behind) tras (after)

18. • Eso, esto, aquello are nueter= refer to
situations or ideas, not to specific nouns.
• Accent marks denote pronouns which take
place of noun.
• Demonstratives agree with gender and number.
This That That over there
M Este Ese Aquel
F Esta Esa Aquella
These Those Those over there
M Estos Esos Aquellos
F Estas Esas Aquellas