The document outlines grammar topics covered in a second semester Spanish grammar book, including the imperfect tense, preterite tense, stem-changing verbs like -car/-gar/-zar, irregular verbs like ser/ir and hacer, modal verbs, adverbs, progressive and future tenses, irregular verbs in the future tense, and the conditional tense. It provides conjugation tables and explanations for each topic.

1. GRAMMAR BOOK 2ND SEMESTER
Emilia Snook

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Imperfect
2. Preterite
3. Car/Gar/Zar
4. Speak
5. Cucaracha
6. Snake
7. Modal
8. Adv
9. Progressive – pres/past
10. Future
11. Irregular Future
12. Superlatives
13. Formal Commands

3. IMPERFECT VERB TENSE
HABLAR COMER ESCRIBIR
 Yo hablaba  Yo comía  Yo escribía
 Tú hablabas  Tú comías  Tú escribías
 Él/Ella/Ud.  Él/Ella/Ud.  Él/Ella/Ud.
hablaba comÍa escribía
 Nosotros  Nosotros  Nosotros
hablábamos comíamos escribíamos
 Vosotros  Vosotros  Vosotros
hablabais comíais escribíais
 Ellos/Ellas/Uds Ellos/Ellas/Uds Ellos/Ellas/Uds
Hablaban comían escribían

4. PRETERITE
 used to describe past actions that have been
completed
AR ER/IR
É Í
Aste Iste
Ó IÓ
Amos Imos
Aron Ieron

5. EL PRETERITO: -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
toCAR juGAR comenZAR
• Toque • Juque • Comence
• Tocaste • Jugaste • Comenzaste
• Toco • Jugo • Comenzo
• Tocamos • Jugamos • Comenzamos
• Tocaron • Jugaron • Comenzaron

6. SPOK VERBS
Ir/Ser
Dar/Ver
d/v i
d/v iste Hacer
d/v io
d/v imos
d/v ieron

7. CUCARACHA VERBS -e
Andar Aduv
Estar Estuv
Poder Pud
-iste
Poner Pus
Querer Quis -o
Saber Sup
Tener Tuv
Venir Vin
-imos
Decir Dij -isteis
Traer Traj
Conducir Conduj
Producir Produj -ieron
Traducir Traduj

8. SNAKEY SNAKEY VERBS
SNAKE SNAKEY
Stem Changers: Y Changers:
 Dormir  Leer
Dormí Leí
Dormiste Leiste
Durmió Leyó
Dormimos To write the third
Leimos
Dumieron person (singular or Leyeron
plural), preterite
form of –er and –ir
verbs with stems
that end in a vowel,
change the I to y.

9. MODAL VERBS
1. Ir + a + infinitive 1. Going to do something
2. Poder + infinitive 2. Are able to do
3. Querer + infinitive something
4. Deber + infinitive 3. Want to do something
5. Tener que + infinitive 4. Should do something
6. Soler + infinitive 5. To have to do
something
7. Necesitar + infinitive
6. To be accustomed to
7. To need to do
something

10. ADVERBS
 Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine
singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to -ly in
English.
Adjective Adverb
• Claro • Claramente
• Constante • Constantemente
 NOTE: when two adverbs modify the same verb, only 2nd
uses –mente ending.
Ex. Voy al supermercado rápida y fácilmente.

11. Irregular Adverbs Translation
• Much
• Muy • Much
• Very
• Mal
• Bad
• Bastante
• Quite/enough
• Bien
• Good
• Ya
• Already
• Tan • So
• Demasiado • Too
• Nunca • Never
• Poco • Little
• Peor • Worse
• Siempre • Always

12. PROGRESSIVE TENSE
Formed by combining
estar with the present
participle
Past participle is an
ongoing action. Use
imperfect tense.

13. FUTURE TENSE
Infinitive + Preterite Ending
Irregulars

14. IRREGULARS IN THE FUTURE TENSE
decir dir- to say
there to be
haber habr- [impersonal]; to have
[helping verb]
hacer har- to make, do
poder podr- to be able
poner pondr- to put, place, set
querer querr- to want, love
to know [a fact], know
saber sabr-
how [+ infinitive]
salir saldr- to leave, go out
tener tendr- to have
valer valdr- to be worth
venir vendr- to come

15. CONDITIONAL
 Use when saying: would, could, must have, or probably
Ía
Infinitive + Ías
Ía
Íamos
Ían