2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Present Tense
• Stem changers
• Irregular yo
• Ser and Estar
• Verbs like gustar
• Preterite vs Imperfect
• Sunjunctive in noun and adjective clauses
• Commands
• Object pronouns
• Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
• Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
• Subjunctive
• Irregulars
• Saber vs Conocer
• Reflexives
• “Se” imporsonals
• Dipthongs with accents
• Verbs like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir
• This is all messed up, ill fix it later….
2
3. PRESENT TENSE
Step One: Determine if the Verb is an “-ar, -er, or –ir” verb.
Step Two: Drop the ending.
Step Three: Add the correct ending in place of the –ar, -er, or -ir.
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
-o -amos -o -emos -o -imos
-as -áis -es -éis -es -is
-a -an -e -en -e -en
Example:
Cantar (yo form) Cantar Canto
3
4. STEM CHANGERS
• Stem changer verbs are verbs that need certain vowels in the
middle of the word changed .
• The stem is only changed in yo, tú, usted, and ustedes form.
This is known as the boot.
• There are three types of stem changes. (I to ie, I to e, and o to
ue)
• The stem change will occur in the second to last vowel in the
word. For example; the ‘E’ in the word comenzar would be
changed.
Step One: Determine if the verb is a stem changer verb, if so, determine
what type of stem change it needs.
Step Two: If the verb is conjugated in the boot, change the stem, if
not, leave it be.
Step Three: Finally, drop the –ar, -ir, or –er ending and conjugate
accordingly.
I to IE
I to E Only change the
O to UE stem in the BOOT.
4
5. IRREGULAR YO
• Irregular yo verbs are verbs that are
normal in every tense but the yo
form. The irregular yo verbs will
have a different ending in the yo
form.
• These verbs change to either –yo, -
go, or zco.
5
6. SER
Descrip
tion
Dates Origin
Charac
Events
Ser teristics
Posses
Time
sion
Relatio Occupa
nships tion
6
7. ESTAR
Health
-ing Emotion
Estar
Present
Location
Condition
7
8. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
Gustar- To like Gustar and verbs like gustar are only
Molestar-To bother conjugated in two different way based on if
Fascinar-To fascinate the object is singular or plural. (-a or –an)
Aburrir-To bore
Importar-To be important to Example:
Interesar-To Interest
Disgustar-To disgust Me gusta su gato.
Doler(e-ue)-To inflict pain Me gustan sus tortugas.
Encantar- To love something
Quedar-To remain
8
9. NOUNS, ARTICLES, AND ADJECTIVES
Nouns
• Add S to most nouns ending in vowels to make plural
• Add ES to nouns ending in consonants to make plural
Articles
• Articles must always agree in
gender and quantity
• Un, una, unas, unos, el, la, las, los
Adjectives
• The ending of the adjective will change in order to accommodate and
agree with the noun it is describing. Must agree with gender and quantity.
• O, os, a, as
9
10. PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
Refers to ONE specific A continuous action in
event or time in the past! the past!
ER/IR
Er/Ir AR
AR ia iamos
i imos ab abamo
e amos a s
abas abais ias iais
aste asteis iste isteis
aba aban ia ian
o aron io ieron
Ser ver ir Ser & Ir Dar Hacer
• era • veia • iba • fui • di • hice
• Eras • Veias • Ibas • Fuiste • Diste • Hiciste'
• Era • Veia • Iba • Fue • Dio • Hizo
• Eramos • Veiamos • Ibamos • Fuimos • Dimos • Hicimos
• Erias • Veiais • Ibais • Fuisteis • Disteis • Hicisteis
• eran • veian • iban • Fueron • dieron • hicieron
10
11. SUBJUNCTIVE
In noun clauses
• main verb expresses
influence, emotion, doubt, or denial
In adjective clauses
• when unknown information is trying to be
found
Er / ir Ar verbs
Verbs
e emos
a amos
as áis es éis
11
a an e en
12. COMMANDS
• Tu Affirmative- simply drop the s
Irregulares- di hax ve pon sal se tan ven
• Tu Negative – put in tu form and change to opposite vowel, and add an s
Irregulares- TVDISHES
• Ud./uds. Negative and affirmative – put in yo form and change to opposite vowel
Irregulars- TVDISHES
• Mono verbs
• Let’s sit down!
• Sentemosnos!
• Sentemonos!
• Vayamos
• Vamanos
12
13. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Indirect Object Pronouns
• Goes before the verb and shows “to whom”.
• Me, Te, Le, Nos, Os, Les
Direct Object Pronouns
• go before the verb but can sometimes be attached to an infinitve
• me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las
Double Object Pronoun
• Used when there is an IOP that goes in front of a DOP in the same sentence.
• Le, les, se
13
14. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
• Change varying on gender, quantity, and the degree of stress
Unstressed Stressed
Mi (s) : my Mío (s)/a(s) :
my; (of) mine
Tuyo (s)/a(s) :
Tu (s) : your
your; (of) yours
Suyo (s)/a(s) :
Su (s) : your; your; (of
his; hers; its yours); his (of);
etc
Nuestro Nuestro (s)/a(s)
(s)/a(s) : our : our; (of) ours
Vuestro (s)/a(s) Vuestro (s)/a(s)
: your : your; (of) yours
Suyo (s)/a(s) :
Su (s) : your;
your; (of)
their
yours;
14
15. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
• Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are the same except that pronouns
carry the accent mark.
Singular
• Este/Esta:
this,these
• Ese/Esa; Plural
that, those • Estos/Estas:
• Aquel/Aquella: this,these
that those • Esos/Esas:
that,those
• Aquellos/Aquellas:
that,those
15
16. •Me lavo.
REFLEXIVES
Reflexive pronouns are often followed by a verb :
Example: I brush my teeth.
This goes for Spanish language as well:
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
•Me lavo .
16
17. POR VS PARA
• Movement
• Duration
• Meaning
• Unit
Por • Exchange
• Destination
• Deadline
• Recipient
• Purpose
Para •
•
Employment
Comparison
17
18. TO BECOME
• hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser all mean to become.
• Followed by a noun or adjective
Hacerse • Indicate a change brought about by
effort
• Followed by an adjective
Ponerse • Indicates an involuntary physical or
emotional change
• Followed by an adjective
Volverse • Indicates a sudden, profound change
Llegar a • Followed by a noun or adjective
• Indicate a change brought about by
ser effort
18
19. SABER VS CONOCER
When translated to English, both Saber and Conocer mean to
know; however they
are used in two very different situations.
Saber: to know a fact, or know how to do something.
In the preterit it means to learn or find out
Conocer: to know someone or something and be familiar with
it.
In the preterit it means to meet someone.
Conocer is an irregular yo verb! (zco)
19
20. “SE” IMPERSONALS
‘Se’ becomes impersonal when the subject of the
verb is unidentified, but obviously third person.
This is most commonly used when making a
general statement.
se + 3rd person singular verb
Examples:
Se habla español aquí.
20
21. VERBS LIKE GER/GIR, UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR
Verbs that end in ger, gir, uir, guir, cer, and cir irregular yo form
verbs.
Verbs that end in ger or gir-
G to J in yo form
Verbs that end in uir or guir-
GU to G in yo form
Verbs that end in cer or cir-
C to ZC in yo form
21
22. DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS
In some cases, verbs require an accent to break up a
diphthong. The syllable with the an accent is the syllable
to be stressed when saying the word. If there is no
accent, the second to last syllable will be stressed if the
word ends in an n or s.
- Happens when a weak vowel (i/y,u) and strong
vowels come together and form on syllable.
In this case, an accent is used on the weak vowel.
Examples:
Comprendió
tenéis
22
24. IMPERFECT
Imperfect tense is used when an action is continuous and has no
exact beginning or ending point.
*Think about it like a movie*
Ia Iamos Aba Abamos
Ias Abas
Ia Ian Aba Aban
-Ir/-Er -Ar
24
25. PRETERITE
Preterite tense is used when the action is past tense that is over
and done with.
*Think of it as a snapshot*
To the tune of “row row row your boat”
Trigger Words:
E, I, aste, iste, Anteayer
O, io-o-o, Anoche
Amos, imos, aron, ieron Ayer
El es preterito La semanapasada
25
26. IRREGULARS
-Car
• Que
-Gar
• Gue
-Zar
• Ce
Must have accent over e in yo form only!
26
28. FUTURE
• Drop the ar/er/ir and ad ending
• Endings: É, ás, á, emos, éis, án
• Irregulars: ; caber (cabr-), haber (habr-
), poder (podr-), querer (querr-), saber
(sabr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener
(tendr-), valer (valdr-), venir (vendr-), decir
(dir-), hacer (har-)
• To express future you can also use
Ir+a+infinitivie
28
29. CONDITIONAL
• Expresses what would could or should happen or what could
happen as result of another action
• Endings: Ía, ías, ía, íamos, ías, ían
• Irregulars: caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder (podr-), querer
(querr-), saber (sabr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener
(tendr-), valer (valdr-), venir (vendr-), decir (dir-), hacer (har-)
29
30. PRESENT PERFECT
• Expresses things that have just recently happened
• The present perfect is conjugated haber +
conjugated verb
• The verb endings are: -ado for –ar and –ido for er
and ir
30
31. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
• Relative pronouns are practically conjunctions. They connect
sentences to make more interesting and complex sentences.
• que, el/la que, el/la cual, quien/quienes, cuyo
• Que refers to people or things
• El cual and la que are used in more formal sentences, but are
basically the same thing
• Quien and quienes are used for people only.
• Cuyo refers to whose
31
32. NEUTER LO
• Use lo and a masculine singular adjective to
relay ideas. Very simple and easy,. The
adjective cant describe anything
tangible., just an idea or characteristic.
32
