This document contains a table of contents for a grammar book covering topics in Spanish grammar for the second semester. It includes sections on the preterite tense, verbs ending in -car, -gar and -zar, stem-changing verbs, the past tense of irregular verbs, modal verbs, adverbs, the progressive tenses, the future tense, irregular future verbs, the conditional tense, superlatives, formal commands, prepositions, and demonstratives.

1. GRAMMAR BOOK (SECOND
SEMESTER)
By: Catalina Taylor

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 1. Pretèrito
 2. –car, -gar, -zar
 3. Spock
 4. Cucaracha
 5. Snake/Snakey
 6. Modal Verbs
 7. Adverbs
 8. Progressive- Past and Present
 9. Future
 10. Future- Irregulars
 11. Future- Conditional
 12. Superlatives
 13. Formal Commands
 14. Prepositions
 15. Demonstratives

3. PRETÈRITO
 The prederite is used for past actions that have already
been completed.
-ar verbs -er/-ir verbs
é amos í imos
aste asteis iste isteis
ó aron ió ieron

4. –CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Toamos Jumamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

5. SPOCK
I
Iste
dar
D-/v- Io
ver
Imos
ieron
-Fui
-Fuiste
-Fue
-Fuimos
-Fueron
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron

6. CUCARACHA
Andar Anduve-
Estar Estuve-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup- -e -imos
Tener Tuv- -iste -isteis
Venir Vin- -o -ieron
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-

7. SNAKE/SNAKEY
Stem Changers
Dormí Dormimos
Dormir Dormiste
Durmió Durmieron
*The “o” changes to a “u” in the third person.
“Y” Changers
Leí Leimos
Leer Leiste
Leyó Leyeron
*The “i” changes to a “y” in the third person.

8. MODAL VERBS
 Conjugate and pair the model verb with an
infinitive to create a new meaning.
 Ir + a + infinitive(going to do something)
 Poder + infinitive(are able to do something)
 Querer + infinitive(want to do something)
 Deber + infinitive(should do something)
 Tener que + infinitive(to have to do
something)
 Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to…)

9. ADVERBS
 -mente adverbs: formed by adding –mente to the
ending of the feminine singular form of a word
unless it ends in a consonant or –e.
Adjective Feminine form Adverb
Alegre Alegre Alegremente
 When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the
socond uses the –mente ending; the other is the
same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.
 There are also irregular adverbs that’s don’t use the
–mente ending such as mucho, muy, and mal.

10. PREGRESSIVE TENSE- PRESENT AND PAST
 Past Progressive: Conjugate estar to the imperfect
tense, drop the –ar, -er, -ir of the infinitie, and attach
the progressive tense.
 ESTAR + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
 Example: Estaba hablando a ti.(I was talking to you.)
 Pressent Progressive: formed by combining the
verb “to be” with the present participle.
 ESTAR + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
 Example: Estoy hablando a ti.(I am talking to you.)

11. FUTURE “WILL”
 The future tense describes what will occur in the
future.
 Example: I will eat.  Yo comè.
È
Ás
Infinitive + Á
Emos
Án

12. FUTURE- IRREGULARS
 Decir  Dir-
 Hacer  Har-
 Poner  Pondr- È
 Salir  Saldr- Ás
 Tener  Tendr-
Á
Emos
 Valer  Vendr-
Án
 Ponder  Podr
 Querer  Querr
 Saber  Sabr

13. FUTURE- CONDITIONAL
 The conditional tense is used to express probability
in the future tense.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the
conditional, simply add one of the following to the
infinitive:
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

14. SUPERLATIVES
 When you want to say that something has the most
of least of a certain quality, use a superlative.
Most Least
El más El menos
Los más Los menos
La más La menos
Las más Las menos
 Examples:
 Luis es el más alto.
 Carmen es la menos cansada.

15. FORMAL COMMANDS
 For Us./Uds affirmative commands, put the verb in
the “yo” form and change it to the opposite vowel
ending.
 For formal negative commands, add “no”the
beginning and do the same procedure as above.
 Examples: Hable chico.
 No coma helado.

16. PREPOSITIONS
Arriba
: up
Encima:
above
Detrá
s:
behind
Izquierda: Derecha:
left right
Dentr Lejos:
o: Cerca:
withi far
n
close
Delant
e: in
front
Abajo:
below
Debajo:

17. DEMONSTRATIVES
• Este/ Esta (this)- aquí
• Ese/Esa (that)- allí
Singular • Aquel/Aquella (that over
there)- allá
• Estos/Estas (these)-
aquí
• Esos/Esas (those)-allí
Plural • Aquellos/Aquellas
(those over there)- allá
*adding an accent over the “e” turns it into a pronoun