German & Italian Unification
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Otto von Bismarck helped unify Germany under Prussian rule in the late 19th century through deft diplomacy and warfare. As Chancellor of Prussia, he engineered wars against Denmark, Austria, and France that weakened these powers and increased Prussian influence. His manipulation of the Ems Dispatch helped spark the Franco-Prussian War, resulting in a united German Empire in 1871 with Wilhelm I as Kaiser. Bismarck's policies of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik utilized both military might and political cunning to overcome resistance to unification and establish German dominance in central Europe.
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Otto von Bismarck used cunning diplomacy and three wars to unite Germany under Prussian leadership between 1864 and 1871. He first allied with Denmark against Austria to gain territory. He then manipulated tensions to provoke the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, defeating Austria and further expanding Prussian dominance of northern German states. Finally, Bismarck edited a telegram to anger France and provoke the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, in which a swift Prussian victory over France allowed for the unification of Germany and formation of the German Empire under Prussian King Wilhelm I.
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This document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was unified through the efforts of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi who helped bring together the various kingdoms and city-states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation through revolutionary and military actions against foreign rulers. Similarly, it outlines how Germany was unified through the diplomacy and warfare of Otto von Bismarck, including Prussia's wars against Denmark, Austria, and France which consolidated the northern German states under Prussian leadership and inspired the southern German states to also join, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.
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The document discusses nationalism and its role in the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Political nationalism sought to unite all members of a national group into a single nation-state. Factors like Austrian opposition hindered Italian unification initially, but the movement was led by Cavour and Garibaldi united northern and southern Italy. German unification faced challenges like opposition from Austria and France as well as the failure of the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly, but Bismarck was able to use Prussian military strength to defeat Denmark, Austria and France to unite most German states by 1871 under Prussian leadership.
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It is a breif described power point presentation on Nationalism in Europe.
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In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
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The documents discuss the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Italy was divided into many small states controlled by Austria and the Papal States. Nationalist figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped lead the Risorgimento movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy and his forces joined with northern Italian troops led by Cavour to drive out Austrian forces, resulting in a unified Italian state by 1871. Germany was divided until Otto von Bismarck used war and diplomacy to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
Italianunificationppt
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The Germans deeply resented the Treaty of Versailles for several reasons:
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German & Italian Unification
- 1. German nationalism Otto von Bismarck & German Unification
- 2. Bell Ringer What is nationalism? Discuss with Partner 1 minute
- 4. Zollverein Von Metternich - Opposed a united Germany Prussia stepped forward Zollverein: economic union Eliminated tariff barriers among German states Still politically fragmented
- 5. Otto von Bismarck Prussian Junker Junker = conservative noble class 1862 – became chancellor under King Wilhelm I In just under 10 years, Bismarck would unify Germany under Prussian rule
- 6. Prussian Power Recognized importance of strong military Wanted more money spent on military Parliament said “no” Famous “Blood and Iron” speech
- 7. Bismarck (cont.) “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power…The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron!”
- 8. Blood and Iron Discuss with your partner what you think Bismarck meant by Germany’s power will be determined by “blood and iron.” 2 Minutes
- 9. Realpolitik Strong will Powerful manipulator Master of “Realpolitik” – politics of reality Politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics Often resulted in ruthless decisions
- 10. Bismarck’s loyalty Not a German nationalist Loyal to the Hohenzollerns – the German royal family
- 11. REAlpolitik at work Had wars with Austria & other territories - Prussia easily won No harsh terms of peace Allowed Austria & some other German states to remain independent Why would he do this?? Discuss with partner 1 minute
- 12. Practical Motives “We had to avoid leaving behind any desire for revenge.” Otto von Bismarck
- 13. 1870: Franco-Prussian War Growing rivalry between: France (Napoleon III) Prussia (Wilhelm I & Bismarck) Relative of Wilhelm offered Spanish throne France protested Bismarck rallies Germans (all Germans)
- 14. Ems Dispatch Bismarck rewrote & released in the press a telegram Wilhelm “insulted” French ambassador Napoleon III (France) declared war on Prussia
- 15. “On to Berlin!” France attacked Prussia Prussia – military superiority Spanked France Napoleon III surrendered (taken captive)
- 16. Germany Unifies January 18,1871 German Confederation made official Bismarck + 600 German princes, nobles, and generals gathered at Versailles Wilhelm I of Prussia proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire
- 18. France Pays the Cost of Peace Peace treaty signed May 1871 France paid $1 billion and had to give up the provinces of Alsace & Lorraine All that was left were bitter feelings and the desire for revenge…
- 20. Beginnings of Italian Nationalism Italian Peninsula - not unified since fall of Roman Empire Despite common language, most of peninsula divided into competing states with own government
- 21. Beginnings (cont.) Napoleon invaded Italy United many states under one gov’t Congress of Vienna - split Italian states Spirit of nationalism began to rise
- 22. National Groups Ignored COV had ignored national groups Placed them under control of large empires (sometimes w/ mixed ethnicities) Some states were under Austrian control, while others were under French control
- 24. Mazzini & Young Italy
- 25. The Path Toward Unity As nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions Then, two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy…
- 26. Count Cavour Camilio di Cavour Fought for Sardinia’s independence One of the most important leaders of Italian unification Founded the nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento - or “resurgence”
- 27. Kingdom of Sardinia 1852, Cavour became Prime Minister Worked toward rebuilding a thriving economy so that Italy could unify (as a monarchy) Cavour aligned Sardinia with France Sardinia supported France in war with Russia & gave them the provinces of Savoy & Nice In turn, France supported Sardinia in its war against Austria - (successful liberation)
- 28. Check for Understanding How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire? Talk with Partner 30 seconds
- 29. Garibaldi & the Red Shirts Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart” Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833 Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination
- 30. Garibaldi’s Return 1854, Garibaldi returned for good Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia
- 32. By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily
- 33. September, Garibaldi, Sardinian troops conquered Naples
- 34. Red Shirts now controlled southern part Italian peninsula
- 37. Holdouts were Venetia, still belonging to Austria; Papal States, under French troops supporting pope
- 38. 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, gave Venetia to Italy
- 39. 1870, Prussia forced French to withdraw from Rome
- 42. Bismarck’s wars Schleswig & Holstein Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War
- 43. 1864: Schleswig & Holstein Allied w/ Austria Seized Schleswig & Holstein from Denmark Split: Austria – controlled Holstein Prussia – controlled Schleswig
- 44. 1866: Austro-Prussian War Bismarck invented excuse to attack Austria Lasted 7 weeks Major victory for Prussia Prussia annexed Holstein and several other German states Dissolved Austrian gov’t & replaced with dominant Prussian one