Otto von Bismarck used cunning diplomacy and three wars to unite Germany under Prussian leadership between 1864 and 1871. He first allied with Denmark against Austria to gain territory. He then manipulated tensions to provoke the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, defeating Austria and further expanding Prussian dominance of northern German states. Finally, Bismarck edited a telegram to anger France and provoke the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, in which a swift Prussian victory over France allowed for the unification of Germany and formation of the German Empire under Prussian King Wilhelm I.
This document provides background information on nationalism and imperialism in Europe in the 1800s. It discusses the rise of nationalism and how it contributed to the unification of both Italy and Germany. For Italy, it describes how Camillo Cavour used skillful diplomacy and military alliances to help drive Austria out of northern Italian territories and unite most of Italy under one kingdom by 1861. For Germany, it explains how Otto von Bismarck helped Prussia defeat Austria and the other German states to forge a unified German empire through his policy of "blood and iron", achieving unification by 1871 despite religious and political divisions within Germany.
This document provides an overview of the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It discusses the key obstacles to Italian unity, including frequent foreign rule and warfare that led to strong regional identities. It then describes the roles of Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi in helping to expel the Austrians and unite Italy's states. Finally, it notes some challenges the new nation of Italy faced, such as regional divisions, tensions with the Catholic Church, and unrest between radicals and conservatives.
The document summarizes the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. For Italy, Cavour of Piedmont worked with France against Austria to drive them from northern Italy. Garibaldi then helped unify the south. For Germany, Bismarck used Prussian military strength to defeat neighboring states and force unification under Prussian leadership by 1871 after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War.
This document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was unified through the efforts of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi who helped bring together the various kingdoms and city-states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation through revolutionary and military actions against foreign rulers. Similarly, it outlines how Germany was unified through the diplomacy and warfare of Otto von Bismarck, including Prussia's wars against Denmark, Austria, and France which consolidated the northern German states under Prussian leadership and inspired the southern German states to also join, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.
Nationalism in Italy and Germany in the 19th century led to their unification. In Italy, Mazzini advocated for unification, Cavour used diplomacy, and Garibaldi led military campaigns. They drove out Austria and united northern and southern Italy. In Germany, Bismarck used war against Denmark, Austria, and France to unite the German states under Prussian leadership, crowning Wilhelm I as the first emperor in 1871. Both countries faced challenges after unification due to regional and cultural differences within their new borders.
Otto von Bismarck helped unify Germany under Prussian rule in the late 19th century through deft diplomacy and warfare. As Chancellor of Prussia, he engineered wars against Denmark, Austria, and France that weakened these powers and increased Prussian influence. His manipulation of the Ems Dispatch helped spark the Franco-Prussian War, resulting in a united German Empire in 1871 with Wilhelm I as Kaiser. Bismarck's policies of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik utilized both military might and political cunning to overcome resistance to unification and establish German dominance in central Europe.
1. The Crimean War weakened Russia and destroyed the Concert of Europe, allowing for national unification in Germany and Italy in the late 19th century.
2. Italian unification was led by the Kingdom of Piedmont and figures like Cavour and Garibaldi, culminating in the capture of Rome and making it Italy's capital in 1871.
3. German unification was driven by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck through military victories over Austria and France, forming the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
This document provides background information on nationalism and imperialism in Europe in the 1800s. It discusses the rise of nationalism and how it contributed to the unification of both Italy and Germany. For Italy, it describes how Camillo Cavour used skillful diplomacy and military alliances to help drive Austria out of northern Italian territories and unite most of Italy under one kingdom by 1861. For Germany, it explains how Otto von Bismarck helped Prussia defeat Austria and the other German states to forge a unified German empire through his policy of "blood and iron", achieving unification by 1871 despite religious and political divisions within Germany.
This document provides an overview of the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It discusses the key obstacles to Italian unity, including frequent foreign rule and warfare that led to strong regional identities. It then describes the roles of Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi in helping to expel the Austrians and unite Italy's states. Finally, it notes some challenges the new nation of Italy faced, such as regional divisions, tensions with the Catholic Church, and unrest between radicals and conservatives.
The document summarizes the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. For Italy, Cavour of Piedmont worked with France against Austria to drive them from northern Italy. Garibaldi then helped unify the south. For Germany, Bismarck used Prussian military strength to defeat neighboring states and force unification under Prussian leadership by 1871 after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War.
This document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was unified through the efforts of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi who helped bring together the various kingdoms and city-states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation through revolutionary and military actions against foreign rulers. Similarly, it outlines how Germany was unified through the diplomacy and warfare of Otto von Bismarck, including Prussia's wars against Denmark, Austria, and France which consolidated the northern German states under Prussian leadership and inspired the southern German states to also join, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.
Nationalism in Italy and Germany in the 19th century led to their unification. In Italy, Mazzini advocated for unification, Cavour used diplomacy, and Garibaldi led military campaigns. They drove out Austria and united northern and southern Italy. In Germany, Bismarck used war against Denmark, Austria, and France to unite the German states under Prussian leadership, crowning Wilhelm I as the first emperor in 1871. Both countries faced challenges after unification due to regional and cultural differences within their new borders.
Otto von Bismarck helped unify Germany under Prussian rule in the late 19th century through deft diplomacy and warfare. As Chancellor of Prussia, he engineered wars against Denmark, Austria, and France that weakened these powers and increased Prussian influence. His manipulation of the Ems Dispatch helped spark the Franco-Prussian War, resulting in a united German Empire in 1871 with Wilhelm I as Kaiser. Bismarck's policies of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik utilized both military might and political cunning to overcome resistance to unification and establish German dominance in central Europe.
1. The Crimean War weakened Russia and destroyed the Concert of Europe, allowing for national unification in Germany and Italy in the late 19th century.
2. Italian unification was led by the Kingdom of Piedmont and figures like Cavour and Garibaldi, culminating in the capture of Rome and making it Italy's capital in 1871.
3. German unification was driven by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck through military victories over Austria and France, forming the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany and Italy. It describes how Germany was unified under Prussian leadership between 1848 and 1871 through three wars. Otto von Bismarck helped incorporate smaller German kingdoms into a new German state, with Wilhelm I declared as its emperor. Italy was unified between 1848 and 1861, with Count Cavour allying with France to defeat Austria and free northern Italy, and Garibaldi defeating the Bourbon kings in the south to free the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the newly united Italy.
The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
The document summarizes the unification of Italy from the early 1800s to 1861. Key figures that helped unify Italy included Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour who allied with France and Britain to defeat the Austrians. By 1861, King Victor Emmanuel II had been proclaimed King of Italy after taking the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Venice. Italian unification was completed in 1870.
The document discusses the unification of Germany which began in the early 19th century. It describes how many German states joined together with other powers like Russia and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars. This began the process of unifying the German states. Later, the Congress of Vienna formally ended the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.
The document discusses political developments in several European countries in the 19th century. It describes how nationalism grew after the Napoleonic Wars and led to the unification of Italy and Germany. For Italy, it discusses Count Cavour's diplomacy that helped create a united Italy by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Bismarck's strategic wars that defeated Denmark, Austria, and France, allowing Prussia to unite most German states by 1871. It also discusses the establishment of the dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary in 1867 in response to revolutions in 1848. For Russia, it notes Alexander II's reforms like emancipating serfs but also increased revolutionary sentiments, leading his successor Alexander III to implement harsher policies
1) Otto von Bismarck was appointed by King William I of Prussia to head the Prussian government and pursue German unification through military strength and nationalism.
2) Bismarck provoked Austria into the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and secured victory, expelling Austria from German affairs.
3) Bismarck then defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, allowing him to complete German unification under Prussian leadership and creating a unified German state led by Prussia.
The document discusses German unification in the 19th century. It describes how the German Confederation that formed after the Napoleonic Wars was weak and collapsed amid revolutionary unrest in 1848. Otto von Bismarck then helped Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in successive wars from 1864 to 1871 to unite most German states into the German Empire with Prussia as the dominant power. Bismarck pursued policies as Chancellor to build a unified German national identity and powerful German state.
Unit 6 Topic 1 Notes - German Empire and Allianceswesleybatcheller
Bismarck united Germany and isolated France through a system of alliances, creating stability. Kaiser Wilhelm II later dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing the French and Russians to form an alliance. Growing German naval and industrial power threatened British interests, leading Britain to form the Entente Cordial with France and an alliance with Russia, creating the Triple Entente against the German-led Triple Alliance. Nationalism in the Balkans and competition over colonies destabilized Europe as militarism rose across the continent.
German nationalism grew in the early 1800s as the country was divided into many small states. Napoleon conquered parts of Germany between 1807-1812, further dividing the territory. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to victory over Austria and France between 1866-1871, uniting most German states under Prussian rule and forming the German Empire with William I as Kaiser. The new German state industrialized rapidly and built a strong military under Kaiser Wilhelm II, but remained largely undemocratic.
German nationalism grew in the early 1800s as the country was divided into many small states. Napoleon conquered parts of Germany between 1807-1812, further dividing the territory. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to victory over Austria and France between 1866-1871, uniting most German states under Prussian rule and forming the German Empire with William I as Kaiser. The new German state industrialized rapidly and built a strong military under Kaiser Wilhelm II, though it remained largely undemocratic.
Nationalism contributed to the formation of new nations and a new political order in Europe in the late 19th century. Nationalist movements led to the unification of Italy and Germany, as well as the breakup of aging empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Otto von Bismarck helped unite Germany through Prussian military strength and diplomacy that provoked wars with Denmark, Austria, and France, culminating in the establishment of a German Empire in 1871.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
By watching this slide show u will be amazed.and one can be able to score full on the topic the exact ppt same as in the textbooks of maharashtra state board 2015...
1. The document discusses the origins of World War 1 from 1871-1914, focusing on the unification of Germany and rising tensions between the European powers.
2. It describes how Germany's defeat of France in 1871 led to French desires for revenge, and an arms race between France and Germany. The rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1888 further increased tensions in Europe.
3. By the early 20th century, Europe was divided into two alliance systems - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain. Rising tensions over naval power and conflicts in the Balkans set the stage for World War 1.
Based on the information provided, all four of the background causes contributed significantly to the outbreak of World War 1. However, the complex system of alliances seems to have been the most direct trigger. By binding countries to support their allies militarily, the alliances created a situation where a conflict between two countries could easily engulf all of Europe through a series of calls to honor treaty obligations.
Nationalism became a major force in the 19th century that led to the unification of Italy and Germany. Italian nationalism began with Napoleon's brief unification but the Congress of Vienna divided Italy. Nationalist groups like Young Italy fought for a unified republic while Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II led the movement for a unified kingdom of Italy. This culminated with Rome joining Italy in 1870. German nationalism grew with Prussia seeking to dominate the German states. Bismarck used warfare and alliances to defeat Austria and France, ultimately unifying Germany with Berlin as its capital. Latin American countries also saw independence movements led by Bolivar and San Martin that freed South America from Spanish rule, while Mexico gained independence from Spain after
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
Nationalism played a key role in German unification in the late 19th century. Otto von Bismarck, as Prime Minister of Prussia, skillfully used nationalism and a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871. The new German Empire dominated Europe both economically and militarily, replacing the balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna.
Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and alliance systems contributed to tensions between European powers and caused World War I. Imperial nations sought resources and territory, leading to conflicts over control of areas like the Balkan Peninsula and access to the Mediterranean Sea. An arms race and development of powerful navies through militarism heightened tensions. Extreme nationalism made countries view themselves as superior to others. Finally, the system of alliances that formed two teams - the Triple Entente and Central Powers - pulled more countries into war when the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignited conflict between Austria and Serbia.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany and Italy. It describes how Germany was unified under Prussian leadership between 1848 and 1871 through three wars. Otto von Bismarck helped incorporate smaller German kingdoms into a new German state, with Wilhelm I declared as its emperor. Italy was unified between 1848 and 1861, with Count Cavour allying with France to defeat Austria and free northern Italy, and Garibaldi defeating the Bourbon kings in the south to free the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the newly united Italy.
The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
The document summarizes the unification of Italy from the early 1800s to 1861. Key figures that helped unify Italy included Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour who allied with France and Britain to defeat the Austrians. By 1861, King Victor Emmanuel II had been proclaimed King of Italy after taking the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Venice. Italian unification was completed in 1870.
The document discusses the unification of Germany which began in the early 19th century. It describes how many German states joined together with other powers like Russia and Austria to defeat Napoleon's army at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars. This began the process of unifying the German states. Later, the Congress of Vienna formally ended the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.
The document discusses political developments in several European countries in the 19th century. It describes how nationalism grew after the Napoleonic Wars and led to the unification of Italy and Germany. For Italy, it discusses Count Cavour's diplomacy that helped create a united Italy by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Bismarck's strategic wars that defeated Denmark, Austria, and France, allowing Prussia to unite most German states by 1871. It also discusses the establishment of the dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary in 1867 in response to revolutions in 1848. For Russia, it notes Alexander II's reforms like emancipating serfs but also increased revolutionary sentiments, leading his successor Alexander III to implement harsher policies
1) Otto von Bismarck was appointed by King William I of Prussia to head the Prussian government and pursue German unification through military strength and nationalism.
2) Bismarck provoked Austria into the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and secured victory, expelling Austria from German affairs.
3) Bismarck then defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, allowing him to complete German unification under Prussian leadership and creating a unified German state led by Prussia.
The document discusses German unification in the 19th century. It describes how the German Confederation that formed after the Napoleonic Wars was weak and collapsed amid revolutionary unrest in 1848. Otto von Bismarck then helped Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in successive wars from 1864 to 1871 to unite most German states into the German Empire with Prussia as the dominant power. Bismarck pursued policies as Chancellor to build a unified German national identity and powerful German state.
Unit 6 Topic 1 Notes - German Empire and Allianceswesleybatcheller
Bismarck united Germany and isolated France through a system of alliances, creating stability. Kaiser Wilhelm II later dismissed Bismarck and refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing the French and Russians to form an alliance. Growing German naval and industrial power threatened British interests, leading Britain to form the Entente Cordial with France and an alliance with Russia, creating the Triple Entente against the German-led Triple Alliance. Nationalism in the Balkans and competition over colonies destabilized Europe as militarism rose across the continent.
German nationalism grew in the early 1800s as the country was divided into many small states. Napoleon conquered parts of Germany between 1807-1812, further dividing the territory. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to victory over Austria and France between 1866-1871, uniting most German states under Prussian rule and forming the German Empire with William I as Kaiser. The new German state industrialized rapidly and built a strong military under Kaiser Wilhelm II, but remained largely undemocratic.
German nationalism grew in the early 1800s as the country was divided into many small states. Napoleon conquered parts of Germany between 1807-1812, further dividing the territory. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to victory over Austria and France between 1866-1871, uniting most German states under Prussian rule and forming the German Empire with William I as Kaiser. The new German state industrialized rapidly and built a strong military under Kaiser Wilhelm II, though it remained largely undemocratic.
Nationalism contributed to the formation of new nations and a new political order in Europe in the late 19th century. Nationalist movements led to the unification of Italy and Germany, as well as the breakup of aging empires like Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Otto von Bismarck helped unite Germany through Prussian military strength and diplomacy that provoked wars with Denmark, Austria, and France, culminating in the establishment of a German Empire in 1871.
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
By watching this slide show u will be amazed.and one can be able to score full on the topic the exact ppt same as in the textbooks of maharashtra state board 2015...
1. The document discusses the origins of World War 1 from 1871-1914, focusing on the unification of Germany and rising tensions between the European powers.
2. It describes how Germany's defeat of France in 1871 led to French desires for revenge, and an arms race between France and Germany. The rise of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1888 further increased tensions in Europe.
3. By the early 20th century, Europe was divided into two alliance systems - the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente of France, Russia, and Britain. Rising tensions over naval power and conflicts in the Balkans set the stage for World War 1.
Based on the information provided, all four of the background causes contributed significantly to the outbreak of World War 1. However, the complex system of alliances seems to have been the most direct trigger. By binding countries to support their allies militarily, the alliances created a situation where a conflict between two countries could easily engulf all of Europe through a series of calls to honor treaty obligations.
Nationalism became a major force in the 19th century that led to the unification of Italy and Germany. Italian nationalism began with Napoleon's brief unification but the Congress of Vienna divided Italy. Nationalist groups like Young Italy fought for a unified republic while Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II led the movement for a unified kingdom of Italy. This culminated with Rome joining Italy in 1870. German nationalism grew with Prussia seeking to dominate the German states. Bismarck used warfare and alliances to defeat Austria and France, ultimately unifying Germany with Berlin as its capital. Latin American countries also saw independence movements led by Bolivar and San Martin that freed South America from Spanish rule, while Mexico gained independence from Spain after
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
Nationalism played a key role in German unification in the late 19th century. Otto von Bismarck, as Prime Minister of Prussia, skillfully used nationalism and a series of wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871. The new German Empire dominated Europe both economically and militarily, replacing the balance of power that had existed since the Congress of Vienna.
Imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and alliance systems contributed to tensions between European powers and caused World War I. Imperial nations sought resources and territory, leading to conflicts over control of areas like the Balkan Peninsula and access to the Mediterranean Sea. An arms race and development of powerful navies through militarism heightened tensions. Extreme nationalism made countries view themselves as superior to others. Finally, the system of alliances that formed two teams - the Triple Entente and Central Powers - pulled more countries into war when the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ignited conflict between Austria and Serbia.
Similar to Age of Nationalism & Imperialism.ppt (20)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. What is Nationalism?
I. What is Nationalism?
A. Nationalism is a feeling of strong loyalty and devotion to one's country and
culture and these bonded tie people together.
1. European empires were made up of many different ethnic groups.
B. Nationalists believed that people of a single “nationality,” or ancestry, should
unite under their own freely elected government.
1. Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people and to those who
shared common bonds.
3. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
I. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
A. During the 1800s, nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states.
B. Gradually, authoritarian rulers began to see that nationalism could also unify
masses of people.
1. They soon began to use nationalist feelings for their own purposes.
2. They built nation-states in areas where they remained firmly in control.
C. In Europe, nationalism also upset the balance of power set up at the Congress
of Vienna in 1815 and affected the lives of millions.
II. Extreme Nationalism is the belief that one's culture or country is better than
another.
4.
5. Italy Before Unification (1858-1870)
I. Unification of Italy
A. Congress of Vienna had broken Italy into many small kingdoms after
Napoleon (French Emperor) was defeated.
1. Papal States- Kingdoms in Italy were ruled by the Catholic Church.
B. Austrian domination
1. Most kingdoms in Italy were controlled by Austria.
a. These kingdoms often had conflicting interests and fought each other.
C. Italians united to fight the foreign domination of their country.
1. Secret patriotic and nationalistic societies spread throughout Italy.
2. Austria and France often sent troops to crush rebellions.
6. Cavour Unites Italy
I. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
A. Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Sardinia,
the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.
B. In 1852, Sardinia’s king, Victor Emmanuel II, named Count Camillo di
Cavour (kuh•VOOR) as his prime minister.
C. Camillo di Cavour and his plans for Italian unification:
1. Took power away from the church.
2. Promoted industry and built railroads.
4. Improved agriculture and supported education.
6. Enlarged the army.
Victor Emmanuel II
Camillo di Cavour
7. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
I. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
A. Cavour was a cunning political leader who used skillful diplomacy to sign a
secret alliance in 1858 with France by giving Emperor Napoleon III land in
exchange for help with driving Austria out of the northern Italian provinces.
2. Cavour then provoked a war with the Austrians.
3. With France's help, Cavour defeated Austria and regained control of most
of northern Italy, except Venetia.
a. Only Southern Italy remained under Austrian rule.
Emperor Napoleon III
Savoy
Nice
Areas given to
Napoleon III in
exchange for his help
against Austria.
Area regained by
Italy from Austria
8. Garibaldi Giuseppe Brings Unity
I. Garibaldi Giuseppe Brings Unity
A. Giuseppe Garibaldi (GAR•uh•BAWL•dee), an Italian freedom fighter.
B. In May 1860, Garibaldi led a small army of one thousand Italian nationalists
to unite southern Italy.
1. Defeated the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
C. Garibaldi and Cavour united and established the Kingdom of Italy.
1. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia became the king of Italy.
In battle, Garibaldi always wore
a bright red shirt, as did his
followers. As a result, they
became known as the Red
Shirts.
9. Rome Becomes the Capital of the United Kingdom of Italy
I. Rome becomes the capital of the United Kingdom of Italy.
A. In 1866, the Austrian province of Venetia, which included the city of Venice,
became part of Italy.
B. In 1870, Italian forces took over the last part of a territory known as the
Papal States.
1. With this victory, the city of Rome came under Italian control.
2. Soon after, Rome became the capital of the United Kingdom of Italy.
C. The pope, however, would continue to govern a section of Rome known as
Vatican City.
Vatican City
10.
11. Unification of Germany
I. Unification of Germany
A. Prior to unification, Germany was a loose confederation of states controlled
by Austria.
B. Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states formed a loose grouping called
the German Confederation in which Austria dominated.
C. The German states entered into a union with the Zollverein (Prussia) in 1844.
1. This upset Austria because it promoted free trade with Prussia and other
German states without paying heavy tariffs (taxes on imported goods) to
Austria.
German States
[1815]
Prussia
Austria
German States
In the 1800s poets,
philosophers, and
students spread the
idea of a unifying
German
“Fatherland,” which
caused German
nationalism to rise.
12. Prussia Leads German Unification
I. Prussia Leads German Unification
A. Prussia was a powerful independent country in northern Europe ruled by
King William I.
B. Prussia enjoyed several advantages that would eventually help it forge a
strong German state.
1. Unlike the Austro-Hungary, Prussia had a mainly German population.
a. As a result, nationalism actually unified Prussia.
1a. In contrast, ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary tore the empire apart.
2. Prussia’s army was by far the most powerful in central Europe.
Prussia was the strongest German state because it had
the largest coal deposits in Europe, which fueled
Prussia’s iron and steel industries.
Prussia was a
militaristic state with
an army that was
strong, disciplined,
and well equipped.
King William I
13. Otto von Bismarck Takes Control
I. Otto von Bismarck
A. In 1862, Wilhelm I chose a conservative Junker named Otto von Bismarck as
the Prussian prime minister.
1. The Junkers (YUNG•kuhrz) were the strongly conservative members of
Prussia’s wealthy landowning class.
B. Otto Von Bismarck was nicknamed, “The Iron Chancellor.”
C. The strong and skillful Otto von Bismarck desired to unite all of Germany.
1. Problems?
a. Northern Germany was mostly Lutherans. (Protestants)
b. Southern Germany was mostly Catholics.
Protestant
Germany
Catholic
Germany
14. Realpolitik
I. Realpolitik
A. Bismarck’s Realpolitik, or “realistic politics” meant taking the most practical
path to unification, even if it meant dishonest alliances or starting wars.
B. With realpolitik as his style, Bismarck declared that he would rule without the
consent of parliament and without a legal budget.
1. These actions were in direct violation of the German constitution.
C. In his first speech as prime minister, he defiantly told members of the
Prussian parliament,
1. “It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will
be decided, that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849, but by blood and iron.”
Realpolitik
Bismarck insisted
unification would be
achieved “not with
speeches and majority
decisions…but with blood
and iron.”
15. Bismarck at War
Believing “the ends justify the means,” or that wrong actions can be used to attain
good outcomes, Bismarck led Prussia through three wars to unite Germany.
Prussia Expands
16. Danish War
Prussia Expands
In 1864, Bismarck took the first step toward molding an empire.
Prussia and Austria formed an alliance and went to war against Denmark to win
two border provinces, Schleswig and Holstein.
A quick victory increased national pride among Prussians.
It also won new respect from other Germans and lent support for Prussia as
head of a unified Germany.
After the victory, Prussia governed Schleswig, while Austria controlled Holstein.
Prussia and Austria soon began to disagree over this division. Bismarck used this
dispute to provoke Austria to war.
18. Austro-Prussian War
Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over Schleswig and
Holstein.
The tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866.
This conflict was known as the Seven Weeks’ War.
The Prussians used their superior training and equipment to win a devastating
victory.
They humiliated Austria.
The Austrians lost the region of Venetia, which was given to Italy.
They had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory.
With its victory in the Seven Weeks’ War, Prussia took control of northern
Germany.
For the first time, the eastern and western parts of the Prussian kingdom were
joined.
In 1867, the remaining states of the north joined the North German
Confederation, which Prussia dominated completely.
Now only France stood between Bismarck and total German unification.
20. Bismarck ended the Austrian-led
“German Confederation” and
created the new Prussian-led
North German Confederation.
Now only France stood between
Bismarck and total German
unification.
North German Confederation
21. Franco-Prussian War
To start this war Bismarck edited the “Ems telegram,” which made it seem as
though Prussia’s King Wilhelm I had insulted France. Napoleon III declared
war on July 15, 1870, and Bismarck rallied the southern German states to join
Prussia.
Through some crafty manipulation,
Bismarck succeeded in increasing the
tension between the two countries until
France declared war on July 15, 1870
22. Franco-Prussian War
Prussia defeated the French in two months and France was forced to give up
the industrial border territories of Alsace and Lorraine, and pay huge
reparations, or fines.
In September 1870, the Prussian army surrounded the main French force at Sedan.
Among the 83,000 French prisoners taken was Napoleon III himself.
In September 1870, the Prussian army surrounded the main French force at Sedan.
Among the 83,000 French prisoners taken was Napoleon III himself.
In September 1870, the Prussian army surrounded
the main French force at Sedan. Among the 83,000
French prisoners taken was Napoleon III himself.
The war lasted about two months and was known as the Franco-
Prussian War. The victory completed the unification of
Germany, but created a lasting enemy in France.
24. The Second Reich
In 1871 Bismarck assembled the German princes in France’s Versailles Palace
where they declared Wilhelm I Kaiser, or emperor, of the newly unified
powerful German Empire.
The new German Empire was called the Second Reich (empire). The Germans
considered the Holy Roman Empire to be the First Reich.
The constitution of the Second Reich established a union of 25 states. Each state
was to be governed by its own king, prince, archduke, or duke.
27. Austria-Hungary Empire
Austria-Hungary Empire was ruled by Emperor Franz Joseph.
Austria lost most of its empire to national independence movements
i.e. Italian unification and German unification.
The Duel Monarchy occurred when Hungary demanded
independence from Austria. Austria made a deal with Hungary in
which Austria and Hungary would have separate governments, but
Franz Joseph would rule both parts of the empire.
Franz Joseph
28. Turkish Empire “Ottoman Empire”
The decline of the Ottoman Empire was due to poorly run and corrupt
government. Often called the "Sick Man of Europe."
Unable to prevent nationalistic uprisings i.e. Greece achieved independence in
1829, Egypt achieved independence in 1869 and in 1877, with the help of Russia,
the Balkan States of Serbia, Romania, Montenegro, and Bulgaria gained their
independence.
Germany, France, and England seized the opportunity and expanded their
influence into the region once dominated by the Turkish Empire. The seeds of
the First World War were sowed.
The Major Powers of Europe,
especially Russia and Britain, began
referring to the Empire as the “Sick
Man of Europe,” with various ideas
as to how best serve their own
interests as this major empire began
to collapse.
30. Growth of Imperialism (1850-1910)
Imperialism is an attempt to control weaker countries economically,
militarily, and politically. The primary causes for imperialism; to gain glory
for one's country, to secure military bases and war materials, and to secure
outlet for overpopulation.
Annexation is the addition of a new territory to an existing country.
Countries with Imperialistic aspirations during the late 1800's.
A. Great Britain- Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
1. "The sun never sets on the British Empire."
B. Germany
1. Unified in 1871, aspirations in Africa and Asia.
C. United States- Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific.
D. France- Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
35. Concepts to Know:
•What is nationalism? Extreme nationalism? Is there a difference?
•Describe the unification of Italy.
•Describe the unification of Germany.
•What result of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 would be a topic for the
World Wars?
•Describe the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.
•Describe the Ottoman Empire.
•What was imperialism?
•What are the types of imperialism?
•Describe some of the aspirations of imperialistic countries?