This document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was unified through the efforts of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi who helped bring together the various kingdoms and city-states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation through revolutionary and military actions against foreign rulers. Similarly, it outlines how Germany was unified through the diplomacy and warfare of Otto von Bismarck, including Prussia's wars against Denmark, Austria, and France which consolidated the northern German states under Prussian leadership and inspired the southern German states to also join, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.

1. Friday February
25th
Buc
Beginning:
What is an “empire”?
“One Group of People
Ruling over Many”
(i.e., what comes to mind
when you hear this word?)

2. Friday February
25th
Buc
Beginning:
What is an “empire”?
“One Group of People
Ruling over Many”
(i.e., what comes to mind
when you hear this word?)

4. • Nationalism is the belief that one’s greatest
loyalty should not be to a king or an empire
but to a nation of people who share a
common culture and history.
• Historically, this often evolves into the belief that
one’s nation is superior to all other nations.
• Nationalism is the foundation for
imperialism
• Nations justify colonizing and influencing other
nations because they think theirs is the best.
• In the 1800s, there was a drive to transform
cultural nationality into a political state (this

5. Case Study #1:
Italy

6. The Unification of Italy
• Before Italy was one unified state,
it was a patchwork of separate
kingdoms & city-states.
• After the Congress of Vienna
(1815), the land of Italy was still
divided:
• Austria ruled the Italian provinces of
Venetia and Lombardy.
• The Spanish Bourbon family ruled
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• The Pope controlled the Papal States
(under French protection).

7. The Unification of Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini was the “heart” of
Italian unification.
• He was a member of the Carbonari.
• A secret group of revolutionaries who
used violence to get what they wanted.
• He formed Young Italy, made up of
young people who were excited about
a united nation of Italy.
• The Italian nationalist movement was
called the Risorgimento (“resurgence”).
• The 1848 Revolution: rebels failed,
and former rulers of Italian states
drove Mazzini and other nationalist
leaders into exile.

8. The Unification of Italy
•Count Cavour was the “brain” of
Italian unification.
• He reformed the Kingdom of
Sardinia’s economy & orchestrated
Piedmont-Sardinia’s war against
Austria, with France’s help.
• Successfully annexed Lombardy
from Austria, which encouraged
other Italian states to revolt against
foreign rule & support unification.
• Unified northern Italy.

9. The Unification of Italy
• Garibaldi was the “sword” of Italian
unification.
• In 1833, Garibaldi joined the Young Italy
movement.
• Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee
from Italy twice.
• Learned techniques of guerilla warfare
while living in South America.
• Returned to Italy often to continue the fight
to free Italy from Austrian domination.
• Leader of the Red Shirts, an Italian
nationalist group that gained control of
Sicily in 1860.
• Unified southern Italy and merged it with
the already unified northern Italy.

10. Italy
was now one
unified nation!

11. Case Study #2:
Germany

12. The Unification of Germany
• After the Congress of Vienna, 39 German States
formed the German Confederation.
• Austria & Prussia dominated the Confederation.
• Prussia’s advantages over Austria:
• Mainly German population
• Most powerful army in Europe (emerging)
• Industrialized faster than other German states
• Rich resources in the Rhineland
• Friendship between these two German states would
turn to conflict in an attempt to unify Germany.
• In 1848, Democratic revolutions broke out all
over Europe.
• As a result, Prussia created a liberal constitution to
limit the power of the king.
• Also in 1848, The First Schleswig War.
• Denmark wins, and retains control of disputed
territory.

13. The Unification of Germany
• King Wilhelm I (King of Prussia):
• Succeeded Frederick William to the throne in 1861
• Supported by the Junkers (wealthy landowning class
of conservatives strongly opposed to liberal ideas)
• Wanted to increase the size and strength of the
military, but Parliament refused to give him the money
• Decided to pick a new Prime Minister in order to get
what he wanted
• Otto von Bismarck (conservative Junker):
• Became Prime Minister in 1862
• Believed in Realpolitik
• “Real” politics, not “ideal” politics
• Known as the “Iron Chancellor” for his realpolitik and
his powerful rule
• Bismarck’s first speech as prime minister to the
members of the Parliament:
“Not by speeches and votes of the majority, are the great
questions of the time decided — that was the error of
1848 and 1849 — but by iron and blood.”
Iron = industry
Blood = war

14. The Unification of Germany
- Steps to German Unification -
• 1864: The Second Schleswig War
• Alliance between Prussia and Austria.
• War against Denmark to win two border provinces:
Schleswig and Holstein.
• Quick victory for Prussia.
• 1866: The Seven Weeks War (Austro-Prussian War)
• Bismarck provoked border conflicts with Austria over
Schleswig and Holstein.
• Bismarck had negotiated a secret agreement with
Italy to help each other fight off Austria, plus
agreements of neutrality from France and Russia.
• The tensions provoked Austria into declaring war on
Prussia in 1866.
• The war was over quickly. Prussia won and badly
humiliated Austria.
• The Austrians also lost the region of Venetia to Italy.
• Prussia then took control of northern Germany.
• In 1867, the remaining states of the north (who were
inspired by nationalist ideas) joined a North German
Confederation—which was dominated by Prussia.

15. The Unification of Germany
- Steps to German Unification -
• 1870-1871: The Franco-Prussian War
• By 1867, a few southern German states remained
independent of Prussia.
• Bismarck felt he could win the support of Southerners
if they faced a threat from outside—a war with France
would rally the South.
• He published an altered version of a diplomatic
telegram he had received from France where it seemed
like Wilhelm had insulted the French.
• Reacting to the insult, France declared war on Prussia
on July 19, 1870.
• The Prussian army invaded northern France, and in
September, they surrounded the main French force in
Sedan. They took 80,000 French prisoners (including
the emperor of France, Napoleon III).
• For four months, Parisians withstood a German siege.
Finally, hunger forced them to surrender.
• The Franco-Prussian War was the final stage in
German unification. Nationalism spread in southern
Germany. They finally accepted Prussian leadership.

16. The Unification of Germany
- Steps to German Unification –
• Over a six-year period, Otto von
Bismarck created a united Germany.
He made skillful use of diplomacy
and warfare to accomplish this task.
• January 18, 1871
• Wilhelm I is crowned Kaiser (Emperor
of Germany) at the Palace of Versailles.
• The new German Empire was called “the
Second Reich”.

17. was now
one
unified
nation!
German
y

19. The nation tries to expand its ,
, and influence over other
nations…
…and begins!

20. WHAT IS AN EMPIRE? A Mini-Book
Project on
Imperialism

21. HOW TO MAKE THE BOOK Pay Attention!

22. THE COVER
E.M.P.I.R.E.
A Mini-Book about Imperialism
By
[Your Name]
The Definition of an Empire:
“One Group of People
Ruling over Many”
Make it colorful!
Add pictures!
(look up some related to
imperialism for inspiration)

23. ON EACH PAGE OF
YOUR MINI-BOOK…
LETTER – What it Stands For
1. What were the goals of the
imperialists driven by this motive?
(copy the bulleted notes notes)
2. What does the quote say?
1 sentence summary in your own words.
3. Based on the quote on the slide,
what motivates people to take
control over others?
4. A colored image/drawing that
represents that component of
imperialism