The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: BISMARCK AIMS. Contains: general overview, politics, Dreikaiserbund, ensure cooperation, the war in sight crisis, German diplomatic defeat, crisis in the Balkans,
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: BISMARCK AIMS. Contains: general overview, politics, Dreikaiserbund, ensure cooperation, the war in sight crisis, German diplomatic defeat, crisis in the Balkans,
Between 1815 and 1871, Germany went from a fragmented confederation of 39 sovereign states to a unified nation. Otto von Bismarck united Germany through a series of wars (Schleswig War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco Prussian War). Designed primarily for my AP European History course.
The third and final act of German unification was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, orchestrated by Bismarck to draw the western German states into alliance with the North German Confederation. With the French defeat, the German Empire was proclaimed in January 1871 in the Palace at Versailles, France.
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The Rise Of The German Empire
In 1815, Europe, little did it know, gained a new Empire established by the Congress of Vienna. When Germany came into power there were many obstacles, namely the division of the state by languages . It waged multiple smaller wars over years and a power struggle occurred from the time of its emergence throughout its history. Many great leaders helped reform and unite the regions of Germany, such as Otto von Bismarck, strengthened and built the German Empire. The climax of the German Empire was World War I as its new found power was displayed on the world stage. The decline of the German Empire however had just as many contributing factors, including an unstable political atmosphere, destruction during World War I, and inflation within the...show more content...Although the crown was turned down, the impact of the revolutions was a development of Nationalism which would only increase in years to come. Throughout the beginning of the rise of Germany, the conflict between Austrian and Prussian control over the German State persisted. There were no clear lines as to where the German State ended and Austria began. The most significant factor in dividing states was language where German and Danish speaking lands were split.
Until 1866 and the 7 Weeks War, Austria had maintained most of the leadership over the German State as declared by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Prussians had a swift victory over Austria in this quick war and a treaty, signed on 23 August 1866, gave Prussia power through the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck. As part of the treaty, Austria remained completely intact, although humiliated. Three of the Catholic states are recognize
1. Nationalists: people who believe that people of a single “nationality” should unite under a single government Goal of Nationalists? Create a NATION-STATE Bonds that create a nation-state? Nationality, Language, Culture, Religion, History, and Territory Review
2. Accomplished by 1870 with the French leaving Rome Significant Figures: Mazzini Cavour Garibaldi Victor Emmanuel II How is unification of Italy accomplished? Italian Unification
4. In the late 1800s, Otto von Bismarck transformed Germany from a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire. THINK ABOUT: How Italian unification differs from German unification How is Germany unified? What tactics does Bismarck use? MAIN IDEA
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7. Formed in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, replacing the Holy Roman Empire Loose confederation/political association of 39 states Two largest states dominating the confederation Prussia Austro-Hungarian Empire / Austrian Empire German Confederation
8. Austrian Empire Multinational Empire Major power in Europe Dealing with issues in Italy (Venetia & Lombardy) Wars with France, Italy, and Prussia Primarily German population Powerful army Authoritarian government – strong king Industrialized quickly Austria / Prussia Rivalry Prussia
9. Liberal rioters in Berlin Result in the Frankfurt Parliament Desire for a unified Germany grows Austria opposes centralized government in Germany Prussian king offered crown of a unified German Empire Democratic reforms do not extend to Prussia, however German Revolution of 1848
10. German language 1834: Zollverein created Customs union that removed tariffs on products traded between German states (economic unity) By 1854, majority of German involved Cultural unity Basis for German nationalism?
11. If there is going to be one Germany, which major power should lead the fight for unification? Prussia If Prussia is the leading force in German unification, what is its Italian counterpart? Piedmont-Sardinia
12. Revolution of 1848 Liberal revolution Desire for German unification grows Promise of Reforms in Prussia Promise of liberal reforms Creation of the Zollverein Economic alliance between German states Setting the Stage for German Unification
13. King Wilhelm I Prussian Government Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck
14. Otto von Bismarck(1815-1898) Prime minister of Prussia 1862-1890 Became chancellor of Northern German Confederation in 1867 “The Iron Chancellor” “ The less people know about how laws and sausages are made, the better they’ll sleep at night”
15. Not liberal like revolutionaries; conservative, supported king of Prussia Believed Prussia destined to lead German people to unification Practiced realpolitik “Politics of reality” Tough power politics, no room for idealism Using “blood and iron” to gain German unification Builds up Prussian army Bismarck’s Philosophy
16. Bismarck becomes Prime Minister and begins administering a policy based on realpolitik Danish War (1864) Austro-Prussian War (1866) Creation of Northern German Confederation (1867) EMS Dispatch, catalyst for war (1870) Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Treaty of Frankfurt Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I Steps to German Unification
17. King Wilhelm I unable to pass reforms expanding military through a liberal parliament Junkers (Prussia’s landowning class) support the king Strongly conservative and opposed liberal class Bismarck declares that he will rule without consent of Parliament – violating constitution First actions as Prime Minister
18. “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power…Not by speeches and majorities will the great questions of the day be decided – that was the mistake of 1848-1849 – but by iron and blood” ~Otto von Bismarck
19. Danish War (1864) Holstein population is German, Schleswig mixture of Germans and Danes Denmark constitution in 1863 annexes Schleswig for Denmark Prussia and Austria protest new constitution, demand it be revoked War starts: Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark
20. Brief fight – Three months Denmark gives up Schleswig & Holstein Disagreements over how to split up land Ultimately, Prussia gets Schlewsig and Austria gets Holstein Increases national pride amongst Prussians Support for Prussia as head of new Germany increases Sets the stage for conflict between Prussia and Austria Results of Danish War
21. Bismarck prepares for conflict with Austria Persuades Napoleon III to remain neutral Forms alliance with Italy (Cavour in Piedmont) Provokes Austria into declaring war on Prussia in 1866; war centered on territorial issues with Schleswig and Holstein Bismarck’s Backroom Dealings
22. Also known as Seven Weeks War Prussian advantages Railroads (better transportation system) Telegraphs (better communication) Modern weaponry (better army) Austro-Prussian War, 1866
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24. Prussians win! Balance of European power shifts dramatically Treaty of Prague (peace treaty at end of war) German Confederation dissolved Austria surrenders Holstein Italy gains Venetia Results of the Austro-Prussian War
25. Creation of Northern German Confederation (1867) After Austro-Prussian War Northern German states unite with Prussia to form North German Confederation Each state has self-government King of Prussia is president of Confederation Eliminates the German Confederation, led in part by Austria
26. King William responds to telegram from French Bismarck alters William’s response to make it sound like an insult Telegram is published angers the French! France declares war on Prussia in June 1870 EMS Telegram
27. All German states joined in war against France No outside nation came to help France Short, but decisive war – German victory Results of war: French Empire collapses France loses Alsace-Lorraine France pays Germany 5,000,000,000 francs German army occupies much of France Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
28. German Empire William I proclaimed Emperor of Germans at Versailles on January 18, 1871 Berlin becomes empire’s capital Constitution that unites 25 German states in federal form of government Local government in each state Emperor (or kaiser) headed government with a lot of power
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30. 1815 – balance of power established with Five Great Powers Changes by 1871 Britain and Germany were most powerful Austria, Russia, and Italy were far behind; France in the middle Creation of two new states – Italy and Germany Balance of Power Shifts
Editor's Notes
Population of Holstein = German; Schleswig = mixture of Germans and DanesDnaish king ruled the two duchies even though their constitutions made them seaparte from Denmark1863: Christian IX took the Danish throne, proclaimed a new constitution in which he tried to annex Schleswig for DenmarkPrussia and Austria protest new constitution; demand it be revoked; Denmark refuses WarDenmark hopes for help from France or Great Britain, doesn’t happen. Three months of fighting
Three months of fighting; Denmark surrenders; Peace treaty – two duchies to Prussia and Austria jointly Austria wants combined to create one new state for German Confederation Prussia opposes ideaPrussial gets Schleswig and Austria gets Holstein
1868 revolt in Spain, new king Prince Leopold von HohenzFrance protestsHohenz’s name withdrawsFrench demand that King William forever renounce any attempt to put a Hohenzollern on the throne of SpainDemand presented to KingKing William refuses to promise, responds in a telegram in a friendly mannerBismarck doctors the report to make it sound like the king refused to see the ambassador againFrench use this telegram as cause for war