Nationalism arose during the French Revolution and spread throughout Europe, causing both revolutions that united nations and the collapse of empires. Nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany by inspiring independence movements. It divided India along religious lines and prompted Zionism among Jews. The Ottoman Empire declined as ethnic groups wanted independence, leading to its collapse.

2. BACKGROUND- RISE OF NATIONALISM
During the French Revolution , the people
in France expressed a great deal of pride
in their nation. This pride has been called
NATIONALISM. Nationalism will spread
throughout the world and cause many
revolutions. Some of these revolutions will
unite people and create nations. Others,
while still acting to unite people, will
ultimately lead to the end of some of
histories great empires.

3. BIG IDEAS- KEY THEMES & CONCEPTS
At the end of this PowerPoint you should be able to:
1. Describe specific ways in which nationalism
caused revolutions.
2. Described how nationalism led to the unification
of both Italy and Germany.
3. Explain how nationalism impacted specific ethnic
groups- Indians, Turks, and Jews.
4. Explain how nationalism will lead to the end of the
Ottoman Empire.

4. IN THE BEGINNING… FRENCH REVOLUTION
• Member of the 3rd estate felt as if they were
being unfairly treated by upper classes and
the king.
• Inspired by the Enlightenment thinkers and
the American Revolution, members of the
3rd estate demand changes that will bring
about the French Revolution.
• 3rd estate was approximately 97% of the
French population. Every member of the 3rd
estate faced the same unequal treatment
(shared experience) and this help to forge a
sense of unity among them.
• This unity grew into a national sense of
pride among those members of the 3rd
estate.

5. IN THE BEGINNING… NAPOLEON
• Even Napoleon helped the
nationalist movement to grow.
• There was a great rise in
nationalism in the countries and
regions of Europe that he was able
to take over.
• This nationalism will lead many
people in these nations to rise up
against Napoleon and the French
armies he controls.
Map of Napoleon’s
Empire at its height.

6. NATIONALISM LEADS TO UNIFICATION
German
Italy
y

7. UNIFICATION OF ITALY
• Since the fall of the Roman
Empire, Italy has never truly
been a unified country.
• Instead, much like the United
States of America, it was made
up of many states. Each state
had its own government and
culture.
• After the fall of Napoleon and
the Congress of Vienna, some
of the Italian lands were put
under the control of the
Austrian Empire.
• Being under the rule of foreigners
leads many Italians to develop a
sense of nationalism.

8. LEADERS OF THE ITALIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
There was a growing desire among the people of Italy to bring unification
to its people. This movement was led by 4 key individuals:
Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo Giuseppe Garibaldi King Victor
Cavour Emmanuel

9. LEADERS OF THE ITALIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
Known as the Spirit of the Italian Nationalist Movement
* Led the Risorgimento: “resurgence” or “revival”
-- Goal was to bring prestige back to Italy
-- Reassert the power of Roman Empire
* Nationalistic leader of a secret society called “Young Italy.”
* Mazzini wanted to transform Italy into a unified nation.
* Will be exiled to London for his views.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Known as the BRAIN of the Italian Nationalist Movement
* Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Italian state).
* Formed alliances with France and Prussia.
* Used diplomacy and war to drive the Austrians from
power in northern Italy.
Count Camillo
Cavour

10. LEADERS OF THE ITALIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
Known as the Sword of the Italian Nationalist Movement
* Recruits an army of 1,000 volunteer soldiers… they become
known as the Red Shirts because of their uniforms.
* They invaded the island of Sicily & marched northward
toward Rome.
* Garabaldi’s army agreed to unite the southern areas with the
kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in northern Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
* Was the king of Piedmont & Sardinia in northern Italy.
* Fought wars against the Papal States and was
excommunicated as a result.
* Becomes the first King of unified Italy.
King Victor
Emmanuel

11. UNIFICATION OF ITALY “Right Leg in the Boot at Last”
Nationalism helped to
unite the various
groups of people in
Italy in the 1800’s.
They shared common
cultural customs and
traditions, and it was
these things that
helped to unite them
as one strong nation.
Questions to help determine what is This cartoon shows Garibaldi helping
happening in the cartoon: King Emmanual get the boot on his right
1. Who are the two men in the leg.
picture?
2. What is their relationship during
and after the unification of Italy?
3. Try to explain the title of the

12. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
Another unification movement
took place in Germany during the
1800’s. Just like Italy, Germany
was made up of independent
states.
People who lived in the Germanic
states spoke similar languages,
and shared similar customs.
They also saw an increase in
nationalist enthusiasm as a result
of Napoleon’s conquest of the
region. Just like in Italy, they did
not like being ruled by foreign
powers.

13. GERMAN UNIFICATION One of the most powerful German
states was Prussia. The Prussian
leadership took the lead in helping to
unify the independent German states.
In the 1830’s they established an
institution called Zollverein. This
allowed trading between the states to
be easier and cheaper.
This was a major step in the
unification process as each state’s
economy became more dependent
on the others.
- Each state wants the others to
develop a strong economy because it
helps the others.

14. GERMAN UNIFICATION - LEADERSHIP
There is one man that is given the
most credit in the unification of
Germany. He is the leader of the
Prussian state, Otto von Bismarck.
Bismarck used a political policy
known as REALPOLITIK. This policy
focused on doing what is needed or
necessary to promote and advance
national interest.
In other words, Bismarck would do
what ever is needed to improve
Germany. He cared little how it might
effect other nations.

15. BISMARCK- “BLOOD & IRON”
As part of the realpolitik philosophy, Bismarck
did not believe in making speeches or waiting
for a representative government to bring
unification to the German States.
Bismarck believed that the only way to unify
Germany is through a policy he called “Blood
and Iron.” Bismarck believed that the only way
to unify Germany was through war.
As a result, Bismarck led the state of Prussia
into three major wars that help to unify the
German states, and set Prussia up to lead
those states.
1. Danish War – Teamed up with Austria to seize
land from Denmark
2. Austro- Prussian War- Turned on Austria and
took some of their land.
3. Franco- Prussian War – Bismarck used
nationalism and the bitter memories of
Napoleon to gain support for a war against
France.
**All Victories for Germany**

16. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
IN 1871, the German states unified under the
Prussian king, William I ( Also known as
Wilhelm).
King Wilhelm began to call himself KAISER. This
title was taken from the name Caesar and meant
emperor.

17. POSITIVE & NEGATIVES OF NATIONALISM ON
PEOPLE OF THE JEWISH FAITH
Anti-Semitism: Discrimination against Jews, simply because they are
Jewish. Negatives
As nationalism grew in nations and
regions throughout Europe, the
intensification of anti-Semitism also
grew.
As citizens grew more patriotic and
proud of their own nations, they
often grew less tolerant of those they
viewed as outsiders, including Jews.
Jews were targeted by POGROMS or
violent mobs who destroyed their
property, beat them up, and at times
even killed Jews with little
punishment.

18. POSITIVE & NEGATIVES OF NATIONALISM ON
PEOPLE OF THE JEWISH FAITH
Positives
A Jewish man named Theodor Herzl became alarmed
at the ongoing attacks. He worked for a newspaper
and published many stories encouraging Jews to
establish their own nation.
Herzl’s writings began a nationalist movement among
Jews worldwide based on their common religious
beliefs and discrimination. As a result of the continued
attacks, and Herzl’s writing, Jews from across the
world began to move to Palestine, considered to be
the ancient homeland of the Jews.
The Jewish nationalist movement became known as
the Zionist movement, and is directly responsible for
the creation of the state of Israel.

19. NATIONALISM IN INDIA
India’s nationalism movement is going
to grow out of the distrust of foreigners
in their land. Just like many of the
European nations you have already
learned about, the people were unhappy
when they were being controlled by
outsiders.
Since the 1700’s the British were in
control of India. Ironically, one of the
key reforms made by the British dealt
with education. Young students were
exposed to ideas such as democracy
and the writing of Enlightenment
thinkers such as Locke and Rousseau.
It is these students who will grow up and
demand what they called SELF-RULE.

20. DIVISIONS AMONG INDIAN NATIONALISTS
Indian National Congress
• Made up of mainly Hindu
professionals and business
men.
• Demanded more say in Indian Muslim League
political affairs that were • Indian Muslims began to grow
dominated by the British. distrustful of the Indian National
Congress leadership because it was
• Ultimately, they wanted to primarily Hindu.
put an end to the Imperialist • Muslims in India worried that they
rule of Britain in India were not being equally represented.
• They were also concerned about the
growth of Hindu nationalism.
• In response they formed the Muslim
League .
• One of their goals was to establish an
independent Muslim state.

21. INDIAN NATIONALISM
The nationalism movement in India is going to be
successful. In the early 1900’s, though the work and
leadership of a man named Mohandas Gandhi, India
will free itself from British rule.
Within the larger nationalist push to gain independence
from Britain, there are two internal nationalist
movements occurring. Each of the two major religions
is having its own nationalist movement, with each
seeking to gain more political control in India to
preserve their own interests.
The Hindu nationalist movement and the Muslim
nationalist movement will ultimately lead to the
creation of a separate state (Pakistan) for the Muslim
minority in India.
So in this unique case, nationalism help to rid a nation
of a foreign ruler, but also led to the division of the
nation and creation of a new country.

22. DIVISION OF AN EMPIRE- OTTOMAN EMPIRE
At its height in the 16th & 17th centuries,
the Ottoman Empire (modern-day
Turkey) was the world’s only
superpower. By the 1900s the Ottoman
Empire was commonly called the “sick
man of Europe.”
The Turks (Turks is what you called
people living in the Ottoman Empire)
were not united by loyalty to a place,
ethnicity, or language. The only thing
that most of them had in common is
that they were ruled by the same
government.

23. DOWNFALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
The downfall of the Ottoman Empire is
extremely complex. Some of the major
reasons for its demise are the following:
1. Ottoman military technology &
organization had not kept up with
European techniques.
2. Since the end of the 18th century, the
Ottomans had been vulnerable to any
determined attack by its neighbors,
especially Russia, with which it shared a
long boundary.
3. However, the most predominant reason
for the downfall of the Ottoman Empire
was a result of nationalism through the
various ethnic groups (Turks, Greeks,
Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, & Armenians)
that were included in the empire.
Each group began to want
independence from an empire
that did not truly represent them as
an ethnic group. Over time these
groups eventually gain freedom and the
Ottoman Empire will collapse.

24. BIG IDEAS- KEY THEMES & CONCEPTS
Now, answer the following questions on the sheet
provided.
1. Describe specific ways in which nationalism
caused revolutions.
2. Described how nationalism led to the unification
of both Italy and Germany.
3. Explain how nationalism impacted specific ethnic
groups- Indians, Turks, and Jews.
4. Explain how nationalism will lead to the end of the
Ottoman Empire.