The document provides an overview of the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. It discusses the pre-revolutionary conditions in Russia, the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 that overthrew the Tsar, and Lenin taking power and establishing a communist government. It then summarizes how Stalin consolidated power after Lenin's death and created a totalitarian state through policies like collectivization, industrialization, propaganda, repression of religion, and purges of enemies.

1. The RussianThe Russian
RevolutionRevolution

2. I. Pre-Revolutionary RussiaI. Pre-Revolutionary Russia
 Last absolute kingLast absolute king
 No democratic govNo democratic gov
 Nicholas II becameNicholas II became
Tsar in 1884Tsar in 1884
– Divine rightDivine right

3. II. The Revolution of 1905II. The Revolution of 1905
 ““Peace, Land, & Bread!”Peace, Land, & Bread!”
– WorkersWorkers
 Bloody SundayBloody Sunday
– Peaceful protestPeaceful protest
– Soldiers open fireSoldiers open fire
 Tsar can’t ignoreTsar can’t ignore
problemsproblems
– Forms Duma: legislativeForms Duma: legislative
bodybody
 Tsar basically ignoresTsar basically ignores

4. IV. Alexandra: The Power BehindIV. Alexandra: The Power Behind
the Thronethe Throne
 Wife of TsarWife of Tsar
 Alexis: Son withAlexis: Son with
HemophiliaHemophilia
– Believes Rasputin hasBelieves Rasputin has
power to heal himpower to heal him
– Scandals aroundScandals around
Rasputin discreditsRasputin discredits
TsarTsar

5. V. World War I: “The Last Straw”V. World War I: “The Last Straw”
 Broke RussiaBroke Russia
economyeconomy
 Shows weaknessShows weakness
of Tsarof Tsar
 Kills thousandsKills thousands
 People upsetPeople upset

6. VI. The Collapse of the ImperialVI. The Collapse of the Imperial
GovernmentGovernment
 Alexandra andAlexandra and
Rasputin throw theRasputin throw the
government intogovernment into
chaoschaos
 Rasputin isRasputin is
assassinatedassassinated

7. VII. The Two Revolutions of 1917VII. The Two Revolutions of 1917
 Food strikesFood strikes
 The March RevolutionThe March Revolution
(March 12)(March 12)
 The NovemberThe November
RevolutionRevolution
(November 6)(November 6)
 Lenin in chargeLenin in charge
– Communist revolutionCommunist revolution
– Class StruggleClass Struggle
– Redistribution of landRedistribution of land
 Overthrow the TsarOverthrow the Tsar

8. October (Bolshevik) Revolution-October (Bolshevik) Revolution-
19171917
 Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, andLead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and
Bread”Bread”
 Won support of people (especiallyWon support of people (especially
peasants)peasants)

9. October (Bolshevik) Revolution-October (Bolshevik) Revolution-
19171917
 Lead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, andLead by VI Lenin “Peace, Land, and
Bread”Bread”
 Won support of people (especiallyWon support of people (especially
peasants)peasants)

11. 19181918
 1918 March The Bolsheviks accept the1918 March The Bolsheviks accept the
peace of Brest‑Litovsk, ending WWI withpeace of Brest‑Litovsk, ending WWI with
Germany.Germany.

12. 1919-19201919-1920
1919 White Armies (Royal and Menshevik1919 White Armies (Royal and Menshevik
troops) attack the Reds (Bolsheviks) fromtroops) attack the Reds (Bolsheviks) from
all directions.all directions.
 1920- Reds defeat Whites1920- Reds defeat Whites

13. Rule of Lenin 1920-1924Rule of Lenin 1920-1924
 Economic Reforms included theEconomic Reforms included the
New Economic Plan (NEP)New Economic Plan (NEP)
-moderate mix of capitalism and-moderate mix of capitalism and
socialismsocialism
 Political ReformsPolitical Reforms
-Bolshevik party became-Bolshevik party became
Communist PartyCommunist Party
-Russia becomes the United Soviet-Russia becomes the United Soviet
Socialist RepublicsSocialist Republics

15. CommunismCommunism
 A Form of SocialismA Form of Socialism
– Central Planning of the Economy by the StateCentral Planning of the Economy by the State
 Gov’t (Communist Party) makes decisionsGov’t (Communist Party) makes decisions
on individual jobs and payon individual jobs and pay

17. 19241924
 Lenin DiesLenin Dies
 Power VaccuumPower Vaccuum
 Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph StalinLeon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin
 Stalin takes controlStalin takes control
 Now must decide how he willNow must decide how he will
maintain powermaintain power
 Decides to create a totalitarianDecides to create a totalitarian
statestate

19. STALINSTALIN

20. Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State
A governmentA government
that takesthat takes
total, centraltotal, central
state controlstate control
over everyover every
aspect ofaspect of
public andpublic and
private lifeprivate life

21. Characteristics of a TotalitarianCharacteristics of a Totalitarian
StateState
 Dictatorship-Dictatorship- Absolute AuthorityAbsolute Authority
 Dynamic Leader-Dynamic Leader- Vision for the nationVision for the nation
 State Control Over All Sectors of SocietyState Control Over All Sectors of Society
– Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, housing,Business, Family Life, Labor, youth groups, housing,
religion, education, the artsreligion, education, the arts
 State Control Over the IndividualState Control Over the Individual
– ObedienceObedience
– Denies basic libertiesDenies basic liberties
 Organized ViolenceOrganized Violence
– Uses force to crush oppositionUses force to crush opposition

22. Stalin’s Totalitarian StateStalin’s Totalitarian State
 State Control of the EconomyState Control of the Economy
– 5 year plan, collective farms5 year plan, collective farms
 Police TerrorPolice Terror
– Great Purge, crush oppositionGreat Purge, crush opposition
 Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution
– Control of the individualControl of the individual
 Propaganda (socialist realism)Propaganda (socialist realism)
– Molding peoples mindsMolding peoples minds
 EducationEducation
– Controlled by the governmentControlled by the government

23. Control MethodsControl Methods
 The Great PurgeThe Great Purge: campaign of terror: campaign of terror
against enemies who threatened hisagainst enemies who threatened his
powerpower
– Killed or sent to Gulags (death camps)Killed or sent to Gulags (death camps)
 Est between 8-13 million deathsEst between 8-13 million deaths

25. PropagandaPropaganda
 Controlled all newspapers, radio, movies,Controlled all newspapers, radio, movies,
and informationand information
 Glorified the achievements of Stalin &Glorified the achievements of Stalin &
communismcommunism

27. Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution
 Replace Orthodox teachings withReplace Orthodox teachings with
communist teachingscommunist teachings
 Destroyed churches & synagoguesDestroyed churches & synagogues

28. Industrial PoliciesIndustrial Policies
 Command EconomyCommand Economy: Government makes: Government makes
all economic decisionsall economic decisions
 Five-Year PlansFive-Year Plans: high quotas (goals) for: high quotas (goals) for
output of steel, coal, oil, & electricityoutput of steel, coal, oil, & electricity
– Limited consumer productionLimited consumer production
– People faced shortages of housing, food,People faced shortages of housing, food,
clothing, & other goodsclothing, & other goods
 Made some industrial gainsMade some industrial gains

29. Agricultural PoliciesAgricultural Policies
 Collective FarmsCollective Farms: Seized all private farms: Seized all private farms
and combined them into large,and combined them into large,
government owned farmsgovernment owned farms
– Hoped to boost food productionHoped to boost food production
– Resistance among “kulaks”, wealthy farmResistance among “kulaks”, wealthy farm
ownersowners
 In Ukraine, Stalin forced a famine by confiscatingIn Ukraine, Stalin forced a famine by confiscating
all food from kulaksall food from kulaks

30. EducationEducation
 Goal: build a stricter society that adheredGoal: build a stricter society that adhered
to creating a much more communist stateto creating a much more communist state
 Education law of 1935: allowed teachersEducation law of 1935: allowed teachers
to use strict methods of disciplineto use strict methods of discipline
 Communist History taughtCommunist History taught
 Girls allowed in schoolsGirls allowed in schools