The document summarizes the rise of nationalism and unification movements in Italy, Germany, and the Balkans in the 19th century. It describes how Italian nationalists like Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi united the Italian states, and how Otto von Bismarck used military force and war to unify the German states under Prussian leadership. The document also discusses how ethnic and religious tensions in the Balkans and Ottoman Empire led to nationalist conflicts that contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

1. Global Nationalism

3. Unification of Italy
 Mazzini forms the
Young Italy
movement in 1831 -
exiled, but inspires
nationalists (wants a
republic)
 Count Camillo di
Cavour unites N.
Italy as prime
minister of Sardinia
 Guiseppe Garibaldi
unites the South
through war

4. Italian Nationalism
Even though it
was united, Italy
faced conflict
Unified in 1861,
Rome not added
until 1870.
Papacy (pope)
resisted new
govt.

5. “Right Leg in the Boot at Last”
 #1 - Italy is a boot
(shape)
 #2 - Garibaldi
kneels, helping king
(he helped unite
kingdoms for King
Victor Emmanuel)
 #3 - Likes that Italy
is united under one
king - “at last”

6. Pre-Napoleon Germany
 Lived in small
states that people
felt loyalty to
Napoleon
conquers them,
everyone united
by wanting to get
rid of French
After Napoleon,
unite all

7. Otto von Bismarck
 Prussian
chancellor, loyal
to Prussian king
No faith in
speeches, or
representative
govt.
Used realpolitik -
politics of reality,
go with what
works; use war to
unite (militarism)

8. Unification of Germany
Otto von Bismarck had a policy of
“blood and iron” to unify Germany -
militarism
Danish War 1864, Austro-Prussian War
1866, Franco-Prussian War 1870
 Germany gained territory (Alsace-
Lorraine from France)

9. Germany Unites
Bismarck does the
dirty work and his
Prussian king reaps
the rewards.
Prussian king
William I becomes
ruler of Germany,
calls himself Kaiser
Wilhelm I, derived
from caesar

10. Anti-Semitism
 Prejudice against
Jews
 Pogroms were
murderous raids on
Jewish communities
in Russia
(Russification)
 As people get more
nationalistic, they are
more intolerant of
outsiders (Jews)

11. Zionism
Movement
devoted to Jewish
homeland
Zionists wanted a
Jewish
independent state
in Palestine
(Theodor Herzl)
The return to
Zion, the promised
land!

12. Theodor Herzl
 Austro-Hungarian
born Jewish
journalist
 Advocated the
Jewish return to
their “promised
land” in Palestine
 Problem – people
living there already
(Palestinians)
 Israel, 1948

13. 3 Sides of Nationalism
Nationalism can be used for
unification, separation, and
state-building

14. India
British in control of
India, where natives
are second class
citizens
Wanted self-rule
Some Indians
educated in West
want independence

15. India
 1885 - form Indian
National Congress
(INC), called for
representation like
British Parliament,
western-style
modernization
Was mostly Hindu
 Mohandas Gandhi led
nonviolent protest of
British rule

16. India
 Muslim population
grew to distrust mostly
Hindu INC
 1906 - formed Muslim
League to protect
Muslim rights
 Hindu-Muslim conflict
lead to creation of
Pakistan & Bangladesh,
post WWII)

17. Turkey
 1890s, liberals establish
Young Turks -
strengthen Ottoman
Empire and end
Western Imperialism
 Pushed for liberal
constitution, reforms,
improved women’s
rights
 Also ruled like
dictators

18. Armenian Massacre
 Young Turks supported
Turkish nationalism -
became intolerant of
outsiders
 They turned against
Christian Armenians in
the Ottoman Empire
(thought they were threat
to leave for Russian
empire), slaughtered over
1 million over 25 year
period
 Due to religious
differences
 Example of GENOCIDE

19. Ottoman Empire
 “The Sick Man of
Europe”
 Was weak militarily,
many nationalist
movements (ethnic
diversity)
 Other countries hoped
to gain land from
Ottomans
 Pan-Slavism - Russian
idea that all Slavic
peoples shared a
common nationality -
want Slavs from
Ottomans in their
empire

20. Balkans –
“One day the great European War will come out of some damned foolish
thing in the Balkans.” -OvB
Called the “Powder Keg”
because of Nationalism
before WWI (ethnic
tensions)
 Ethnic diversity leads to
disagreement over
territory
 People want self-determination!
Would lead to WWI

21. Ethnic Diversity
 Ottoman Empire had
Romanians, Serbs,
Albanians, Bulgars,
Greeks, & Turks
 Austria-Hungary had
Germans, Czechs,
Poles, Slovaks,
Ruthenians, Slovenes,
Italians, Croats,
Romanians, & Magyars
 Nationalism = their
days are numbered!