The documents discuss the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Italy was divided into many small states controlled by Austria and the Papal States. Nationalist figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped lead the Risorgimento movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy and his forces joined with northern Italian troops led by Cavour to drive out Austrian forces, resulting in a unified Italian state by 1871. Germany was divided until Otto von Bismarck used war and diplomacy to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.

1. The Unification ofThe Unification of
Italy and GermanyItaly and Germany

2. UnificationUnification ofof
ItalyItaly
What ‘s in Name?
1.Based upon the following nickname, identify what
qualities each of these people would possess:
a) The Soul
b) The Brain
c) The Sword
2. Create a nickname that is representative of who you are as a person.2. Create a nickname that is representative of who you are as a person.

3. RisorgimentoRisorgimento
(Italian Resurgence)(Italian Resurgence)
RisorgimentoRisorgimento
(Italian Resurgence)(Italian Resurgence)
 Italy was divided intoItaly was divided into
many smallmany small states.states.
 Napoleon controlledNapoleon controlled
the region as athe region as a
unified state.unified state.
 Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
re-divided Italy andre-divided Italy and
put much of it underput much of it under
AustrianAustrian oror PapalPapal
control.control.
 Italy was completelyItaly was completely
fragmented.fragmented.

4. Obstacles of UnificationObstacles of UnificationObstacles of UnificationObstacles of Unification
 Austria ruled Northern
Italy and wanted Italy
divided and weak
 Pope Pius IX and the
Catholic Church
controlled central Italy,
called the Papal States.

5. THETHE
SOULSOUL
THETHE
SOULSOUL

6. Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe MazziniGiuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini
 1805-18721805-1872
 A rebelA rebel
 FoundsFounds Young ItalyYoung Italy, a secret, a secret
nationalist societynationalist society
 Spends years in exile for hisSpends years in exile for his
views.views.
 Writings and speeches provideWritings and speeches provide
inspiration to theinspiration to the nationalistnationalist
movementmovement
 Nickname theNickname the “Soul”“Soul”
““The secret of being able to doThe secret of being able to do
something lies in wanting to do it”something lies in wanting to do it”

7. 
THETHE
BRAINBRAIN
THETHE
BRAINBRAIN

8. Camillo CavourCamillo CavourCamillo CavourCamillo Cavour
 1810-18611810-1861
 AA statesmanstatesman
 Prime minister of SardinaPrime minister of Sardina
 Strengthens the economy,Strengthens the economy,
form foreign alliancesform foreign alliances
 Launches wars to gainLaunches wars to gain
lands and build power.lands and build power.
 UsedUsed diplomacydiplomacy and war toand war to
drive Austrian power fromdrive Austrian power from
ItalyItaly
 TheThe “Brain”“Brain”

“I have discovered the art of deceiving diplomats. I
tell them the truth and they never believe me.”

9. THETHE
SWORDSWORD
THETHE
SWORDSWORD

10. Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi
 1807-1882.1807-1882.
 A soldier.A soldier.
 Member of young Italy.Member of young Italy.
 Leads a volunteer armyLeads a volunteer army
know as theknow as the red shirts.red shirts.
 Spends many years inSpends many years in
exile.exile.
 Won control ofWon control of southernsouthern
Italy and help to unite itItaly and help to unite it
with thewith the north.north.
 TheThe “sword.”“sword.”
“I offer neither pay, nor quarters, nor food; I offer only
hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. Let him
who loves his country with his heart, and not merely with his
lips, follow me.”

11. Garibaldi Conquers the South and Enters Naples!Garibaldi Conquers the South and Enters Naples!
Garibaldi’s army moved north and Cavour sent troops south!
By 1861, The two armies overran all Italian states but Venetia and Rome.
By 1871, all Austrian control had ended and the pope could not fight off Italian
troops who seized Rome.
Rome became the capital of the unified nation of Italy!

12. "Right Leg in the Boot at Last""Right Leg in the Boot at Last"
Who is the man putting
the boot on King Victor
Emmanuel? How do you
know?
What is the significance
of the King wearing the
boot? Explain.
Create a title for this
cartoon:

13. Before and after Italian UnificationBefore and after Italian Unification


14. 1. What moment in Italian Unification does this painting reflect?
2. What symbols in the painting reflect Garibaldi’s importance in unifying Italy?

15. German UnificationGerman Unification
German
Confederation
was formed
after the
defeat of
Napoleon in
1815.
Austria considered itself the leader – Organized
centralized government and strong military

16. German UnificationGerman Unification
1862 – King of Prussia appointed
Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister
Bismarck began to build up the
military and followed a policy known
as “Blood and Iron,” the use of war to
unite the German states under one
rule… not Austrian, but Prussian rule!
“Blood and Iron”

17. Three Wars of UnificationThree Wars of Unification
In 1864 a short war with Denmark broke out.
Prussia and Austria won, and no other foreign
powers intervened. It was decided that
Schleswig was to be under Prussian control
and Holstein under Austrian control.
Bismarck wasn’t finished in his
endeavor to create a united Germany
yet. In 1866, He provoked a war with
Austria to completely annex
Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia, or
at least have indirect control over the
government.
Prussian-Danish
War
Austro-Prussian War

18. Bismarck would not be
satisfied until all the
German states were
united under Prussian
rule. He decided to
rally them against a
common enemy… the
French. However,
Bismarck needed the
French to declare war
on the Germans. How
was he going to make
that happen?

19. Needed Common EnemyNeeded Common Enemy
The public release of the Ems Dispatch, which played up alleged insults
between the Prussian king and the French ambassador, inflamed public
opinion on both sides. France mobilized, and declared war on Prussia
only, but the other German states quickly joined on Prussia's side.

20. Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War
"The Ems Telegram should have the desired effect
of waving a red cape in front of the face of the
Gallic [French] Bull.“ - Bismarck

21. Franco Prussian WarFranco Prussian War
The Germans defeated the
French and at the end of the
war, all German states
joined with Prussia to form
a united German Nation.

22. German NationGerman Nation
Germans accepted rule by a
single person, Kaiser Wilhelm
I. Otto von Bismarck was
named Chancellor and had
total power. There was no
legislature.
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Bismarck used policy of
“Realpolitik” to govern. He
acted with little regard to ethics,
morals or legalities to do what
he thought was best for the
nation. His goal was to
strengthen the military and
industrialize Germany, Blood
and Iron!
Realpolitik

23. Will it all fitWill it all fit
under oneunder one
hat?hat?
What did the German helmet
come to symbolize?
What is the name of the
policy for building up a
nation’s military called?
Militarism
Military Threat

24. German UnificationGerman Unification
“The great questions of our day, cannot be
settled by speeches and majority votes, but
by blood and iron.”
Otto Von
Bismarck1. Describe the meaning of this
quote.
2. What methods would
Bismarck use to create a
united Germany?