Here are some of the major territorial differences I see between maps of Europe in 1910 and 1919: - The German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires no longer exist in their previous forms. Germany and Austria-Hungary lost significant territory. - New nation states were created from former imperial territories, including Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and others. - Germany lost territory to Belgium, Denmark, and France. Poland regained territory from Germany and Russia. - The Ottoman Empire collapsed and the modern states of the Middle East were created from its former territories, including Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. -

1. The Great War
The War to End All Wars

2. National Interest
 Last day we discussed different views of
“national interest”.
 Why would a nation WANT to go to war?
 Economic Prosperity
Employment and standard of living
Pass laws, make trade treaties
 Security
Protecting citizens inside the country, passing laws
Securing national borders
Resolve differences with other countries
 Beliefs and Values
Affirming and promoting its citizens cultures and beliefs
Ensuring a standard of quality of life for its citizens
Concern for our land, environment, and ecosystems

3. Understanding the Era
1814 – Congress of Vienna
Nationalist revolutions take
place throughout Europe in the 1800’s
Industrial Revolution flourishes
Berlin Conference (1884) – Scramble
for Africa.
Imperialism takes off again.

4. The Causes Of WWI
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6.
The Industrial Revolution
Imperialism
The Rise of Nationalism
The Death of the Ottoman Empire
Alliances
The Assassination
1. II NO AA

5. #1 The Industrial Revolution
 From 1750 onward
 Started with the textile industry
 Spread to other industries
 By the 1900s – industrialization had
greatly affected the military
 Leaders were eager to put new weapons
to use

6. The Machine Gun
Turkey - 1913

7. Canon Improvements
Germany - 1913

9. #2 – The Rise of Nationalism
 Since 1789 – The Ripple Effect…
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1794 – Poland
1796 – White Lotus – China
1789 – Irish
1804 – Serbian
1808 – Madrid
1810 – Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela
1812 – Korea
1820 – Spain and Portugal – Peru, too!
1821 – Greece
1822 – Mexico IND
1824 – Russian (Decembrists)
1825 – Indonesia
1830 – French again
1830 – Belgium IND
1832 – Algeria
1837 – Canada
1841 – Afghanistan
1848 – France, Italy, Germany IND
1848 – Hungary
1851 – China
1854 – Spain IND
1857 – India
1859 – Italy
1866 – Japan
1867 – Irish
1867 – Canada IND
1868 – Puerto Rico IND
1875 – Herzegovina
1876 – Bulgaria
1896 – Philippine IND
1903 – Macedonia IND
1905 – Iran
1907 – Romania
1908 – Turkey
1910 - Mexico
Nationalism develop a new sense
of pride that people were willing
to die to defend.

10. T.E. Lawrence
Self-Determination
Faisal

11. #3 - Imperialism
 The act of creating an empire
 British Empire – “Sun Never
Sets..
 Germany – “Her Place in the
Sun”
 1884 – Berlin Conference
 Several conflict erupting –
Boar War, Moroccan Crisis…
 The Cape to Cairo Dream

12. #4 – The Death of The Ottoman
Empire
 The “Sick Man” of Europe
 Land grab possibility?

13. #5 - Military Alliances
 Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
 Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, and
Russia
 Various other
alliances
 Russian – Serbia
 Britain – Belgium
 Colonies!

14. #6 - The Assassination
 Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
 Austrian heir to the throne
 Sarajevo, Bosnia
 Touring region
 Gavrilo Princip
 Serbian Nationalist

16. The Shots Heard Around the
World!
 19 at the time of the
assassinations
 Death penalty set at
20 (27 days away)
 Cyanide capsule
failed (past
expiration)
 88 lbs at time of
death – TB, 1918

17. Declarations of WAR Begin!
 Austria-Hungary – Serbia
 Who will help Serbia?
 When Russia declares War on A-H, who
will help them?
 When Germany declares war on Russia…
who will help them?
 Let’s ACT this out!!

18. The WWI Timeline
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Open War – Aug 1914
War of Attrition – Sept 1914
Total War – 1916
The Last Push – 1917
1917 – May, Germans begin to lose ground
1917 – Summer USA joins the war
Nov 11, 1918 – Armistice
Jan 1919 – Treaty of Versailles

19. The Beginning of the War
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Schlieffen Plan
Aug 1914 – 1 500 000 advance into Belgium
French – old mentality, bright, no helmets,
rifles… 500 000 causalities!
Miracle of Marne – 2 million clash
Sept – repositioned – stalemate begins

20. Failure of the Schlief fen
Plan

21. The War of Attrition
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Western Front:
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Eastern Front:
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Race for the sea begins
Trench warfare begins
Russia mobilizes 5 million
400 trains a day sent from Western Front
Russia quickly out of supplies
Southern Front
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A-H and Serbia – mountains of Serbia

22. Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)
Met Machine Guns

24. Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)
Met Machine Guns
Led to Trench Warfare

25. Marne
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/w

39. Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)
Met Machine Guns
Led to Trench Warfare
Led To:
Reconnaissance
Planes
Fighter Planes

41. "there was a lump in my throat. If
he had been my dearest friend, I
could not have felt greater sorrow"

43. Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)
Met Machine Guns
Led to Trench Warfare
Led To
Reconnaissance
Planes
Fighter Planes
Gas
Warfare

45. Second Battle of
Ypr es
April 22, 1915
• Canadians were moved into position in early April
1915
• On the 22nd of April Germans released 160 tons
of chlorine gas
• A four mile hole was developed in the Allied line
due to the gas attack
• Canada fought through the night to close the gap
• On April 24th, German forces launched another
gas attack in an attempt to push the Canadians
back

46. Second Battle of Ypres
• The Canadian forces held the line until
reinforcements could arrive
• The cost of this 48 hour battle was extremely
high; over 4000 Canadians injured and 2000
deaths.
• Canadian forces established a reputation as
a formidable fighting force in their first major
appearance on a European battlefield.

48. Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)
Met Machine Guns
Led to Trench Warfare
Led To
Reconnaissance
Planes
Fighter Planes
Gas
Warfare
Artillery
Barrages

49. They were
enormous canons
that could launch
shells that weighed
a ton 15
kilometers. There
destructive power
could penetrate
two meters of
earth, three meters
of concrete in a
meter thick wall.

56. Ver dun
• Verdun was a well fortified town surrounded
by fortresses and trenches
• It projected out into German occupied
territory
• It remains the longest battle in history,
spanning roughly 10 months, beginning on
February 21st 1916 and ending on December
11th 1916.
• The French suffered 550,000 losses and the
Germans fared better at only 434,000

57. Battle of Verdun
Feb 21, 1916
Opening Barrage:
1200 guns targeted 60 forts and strong
points. Over 80 000 shells hit per day.
A huge gaping hole was torn in the
French defenses.
Bravery – Hand to Hand Combat:
More than 80 % of casualties were
taken in hand to hand combat.
French Defenders:
French defenders caught in the open were
blown apart. 98 % of units were lost and
men went insane from the exploding
shells
Flame Throwers:
Both sides used flame throwers to
gain territory.

60. Somme Offensive
June 24, 1916
Opening Barrage:
1500 guns bombed German
defenses for 5 days.
British Advance – Machine Guns:
The British felt that no one would
survive the barrage, and they sent
a 12 mile column of four rows of
men (only 2 meters apart) towards
the well armed German machine
guns.
20 000 died on the first day.
German Withdrawal:
The German troops withdrew from
the frontline trenches into the back
trenches, knowing they could
rearm their guns in 3 minutes.

61. Battle of the Somme
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Began on July 1st, 1916 – 60K casualties on the British side
A counter offensive against the German push at Verdun
1.5 million rounds of artillery ammunition
600 000 British and French troops were lost in less than 3
months
• Canadians joined the battle on September, 15th 1916
• Newfoundland Regiment joined battle on the first day:
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Of the 780 men who went forward only about 110 survived unscathed, of
whom only 68 were available for roll call the following day…. a casualty rate
of approximately 90 percent.
The Canadians were able to capture many key positions
After 141 days the battle fighting came to a stand still
Canada had 24 000 casualties
Approximately 1 million injured and 300K killed
“Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a
more ghastly word”

62. Who else was at
The Battle of The Somme?

63. Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)
Met Machine Guns
Led to Trench Warfare
Led To
Reconnaissance
Planes
Fighter Planes
Gas
Warfare
Artillery
Barrages
Tanks
Mass
Attacks

64. The first tank was named “Little Willie” and
could travel 3 miles per hour, (2 on rough
terrain). This tank was restricted as it
could not cross trenches. Early on, tanks
often broke down and became ditched - i.e.
stuck in a muddy trench - more often than
Tanks were deployed during
anticipated.
the notorious, almost
swampy, conditions of the
Third Battle of Ypres (more
commonly known as
'Passchendaele'). They
promptly sank in the mire and
were entirely without benefit.
By 1917 however, the tanks
had improved so that they
helped solve the problem of
trench warfare, and were
iincreasingly used during the
Allied advance of summer
1918.

65. 1917 – The Big Pushes
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Feb - Russian Revolution
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What effect does this have?
Germans push to conquer Europe before
Americans arrive. 1.5 to 1.3 million
What happens when they break through?
Allies Come Back
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Vimy – April
Canada’s 100 Days
American’s fill ranks

67. V imy Ridge
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Vimy was a key position in the German line
French and English forces attempted numerous times to break
through the German line here but failed repeatedly at a
tremendous cost
On April 9th, 1917 the task of taking the ridge was given to the
Canadians
It took only five days for the Canadian forces to sweep the
Germans off the ridge
Over 7 000 Canadians were injured and 3598 were killed
After this battle Canadian troops were seen as an elite fighting
force
Many historians insist that Canada became a country at Vimy

68. Arthur Currie

69. The Creeping Barrage

75. Other Canadian Contributions

78. Passchendaele, 1917
(also known as the thir d battle of Ypr es)
The casualties of Passchendaele were
horrendous. The Germans lost 270,000 men.
The Allied forces lost 450,000. This included
36,500 Australians and 16,000 Canadians.
The Canadians were lost in the final assault
between October 26 and November 10.
90,000 of the fallen bodies were never
identified. 42,000 were never found.

83. …Lice and anxiety came into my life about the same time. At standto one morning a flight of whizz-bangs skimmed the top of the
trench. The man next to me went down with a scream and half his
face gone. The sand-bag in front of me was ripped open and I was
blinded and half-choked with its contents.
…At the end of the short trench I stumbled over something. A bank
of cloud cleared for a moment from the moon, and I saw it was a
headless body.
…I went back to my post, frightened beyond anything that should be
humanly possible. Twice I was blown off my feet by the concussion
of bursting shells. The whine of falling shrapnel filled the air. I
seemed to be all alone in a world tottering into ruin. If only the noise
would stop I felt I might keep my reason. I think I prayed for a
direct hit to end it all. By a miracle, however, I was not even
touched.
…One got used to many things, but I never overcame my horror of
the rats. They abounded in some parts, great loathsome beasts
gorged with flesh. I shall never forget.
…I had one from a woman friend who had always seemed intelligent
and understanding. Yet she asked this singular question: Is it as bad
as they say it is out there, or is it only the shortage of cigarettes that
makes it seem so rotten?“ The irony of it coming at that time made
me giggle like a schoolgirl. The others wanted to know the joke so I
read it aloud. The comments were unprintable.

84. Total War
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Diverting all resources and attention to the
war effort
Food rations for civilians
Use of propaganda

85. A TOTAL WAR Effort
Daddy, what did
you do in the war?
Smear Campaign
against the Enemy!

86. Russians Unite!
An appeal to
women!
An effort beyond
social class
Wartime
materials meant
more than just
weapons

87. What does this poster
reveal about Canada’s
war effort?
Lets Go Canada!
What is the irony in
this poster?

89. November 11 - 1918
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ALLIES
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5.2 Million Dead
12.8 Million Wounded
 TOTAL DEAD – 18.6
CENTRAL POWERS
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3.5 Million Dead
8.8 Million Wounded
TOTAL Military WOUNDED – 21.2

90. November 11 - 1918
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Canada’s War Effort: (not including Nfld)
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Total Enlistees: 620 000
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Wounded: 173 000
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Total Population: 6.8 Million
Killed: 67 000
Proportionally Equivalency
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3 500 000 Enlistees
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977 000 Injured
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378 000 Killed

91. Identify as many territorial differences as you can between the map of
Europe in 1910 (pre-WWI) and 1919 (post-WW1)