The document provides an overview of political developments in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars and Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815. It discusses the goals of Klemens von Metternich to restore monarchies, contain France, and establish a balance of power. It then outlines several political revolts in the 1820s across Europe challenging this system. It also summarizes the French Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 that established constitutional monarchies and republican governments respectively. Finally, it introduces some of the major ideological movements ("isms") of the 19th century that emerged in response to industrialization and social changes.

1. The Long 19 th Century An Age of Revolution, Industry, & “Isms”

2. Bell Ringer What happened to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1812? Discuss with partner - 30 seconds

3. The Congress of Vienna Europe After Napoleon Bonaparte

4. Congress of Vienna WHAT: The Congress of Vienna WHEN: September 1814 to June 1815 WHO: representatives of major European powers WHERE: Vienna, Austria WHY: reorganize Europe post-Napoleon

5. Congress of Vienna Five Great European Powers: Prussia – Frederick Wilhelm III Russia – Tsar Alexander Austria – Klemens von Metternich Great Britain – Lord Castleraugh France - Tallyrand

6. Klemens von Metternich Influential Austrian prince Distrusted democracy Plan to restore Europe

7. Von Metternich’s Plan 3 Main Goals: Legitimacy Napoleon had overthrown all kings & replaced with his family members Original monarchies restored Louis XVIII of France

8. Von Metternich’s Plan 2. Contain France Napoleon was power hungry & had instilled strong sense of nationalism in France Many surrounding countries felt threatened VM, gave back power to countries surrounding France (containment)

9. Napoleon’s Europe COV’s Europe

10. Von Metternich’s Plan 3. Balance of Power Weaken France, but not too much No one country too powerful This ensured no one country could easily overpower another (like Napoleon had done)

11. Carlsbad Decrees Response to nationalist student society ( Burschenschaften ) Society led by Friedrich Jahn: Nationalist (wanted unified Germany) Racist (wanted racially pure German nation) Xenophobic (anti-foreigner) Metternich issued to dissolve such societies & censor press (incorrectly doubted their motives)

12. More Challenges 1820s full of rebellions that challenged COV Spain, Portugal & Italy demanded constitutional gov’ts Von Metternich urged conservatives to crush them Slowed things down, but did not stop them By mid 1800s, the socialists of the Industrial Revolution were pushing workers to rebel

13. Political Revolts in the 1820’s

14. Political Revolts in the 1820’s Spain Italy Russia Greece

15. Spain Ferdinand VII (r. 1814-1833) Restored pre-Revolutionary nobility, church & monarchy Repressive practices Response: Formation of secret societies Revolt Sparked revolts in Italy

16. Italy Naples, Piedmont-Sardinia Demanded constitution Too much disagreement Result: emergence of nationalism (fight Austrians for independence) Laid groundwork for Italian unification

17. Russia Decembrist Revolt Alexander I died suddenly (1825) Brother Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) inherited throne

18. Few disputed – felt Constantine was rightful heir & would be pro-Constitution Easily suppressed, tried, imprisoned/hard labor  heroes of legend (“Decembrists”)

19. Balkans/Greece Wanted independence from Ottoman Turks Serbia = successful revolt (independence in 1817) Greece = 1820-21 – massacred Turks; Turks retaliated w/ own massacres against Greeks, sold women into slavery

20. Massacre at Chios Eugène Delacroix (1824) A military attack on the inhabitants of Chios by Ottoman forces commenced on 11 April, 1822 and was prosecuted for several months into the summer of the same year. The campaign resulted in the deaths of 20,000 citizens, and the forced deportation into slavery of almost all the surviving 70,0000 inhabitants

21. Greece Austria sided w/ Ottomans Rest of Europe sided w/ Greece Rec’d help from GB, France & Russia 1830: Greece declared independent Significance: nationalism + public opinion = 1 st breach in Metternich’s system

22. The French Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

23. Restoration of Monarchy Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII (18 th ) Émigrés returned (not happy) Émigré nobles & high clergy wanted Old Regime (ultra-royalists) Faced opposition

24. Liberals in France Wanted for middle class: Suffrage Power in gov’t Republic Decent pay for working class Food for all

25. Charles X Louis XVIII – died in 1824 Successor – Charles X (brother) Charles X wanted absolutism Rejected proposed charter (constitution)

26. The July Revolution - 1830 July 1830 – Charles X: Suspended legislature Limited right to vote Restricted press Naturally, what happened?

27. Response Revolt in Paris Citizens put up barricades Attacked king’s soldiers Within days, rebels controlled Paris Charles abdicated & fled to England

28. Republic or Constitutional Monarchy? Radical rebels wanted a republic Moderates wanted a constitutional monarchy Moderates got their way…

29. Louis Philippe Chosen as king Cousin of Charles X Young, more liberal-minded Supported the 1789 revolution

30. The Citizen King Nickname for Louis Philippe Owed the throne to the French citizens Was “one of them” Got along well Dressed down (frock coat & top hat) Walked the streets Extended suffrage, but…

31. Problems Policies favored the wealthier bourgeoisie – often at the expense of the working class Extended suffrage to the wealthiest citizens Most people – no suffrage

32. Discontent Radicals went underground – worked toward Republic Many began to accuse Louis Philippe of corruption Demand for universal suffrage

33. Economic Slump By 1848: Many factories shut down Poor harvests Unemployment Bread prices soared Sound familiar??

34. February Days (1848) Gov’t tried to stop public meetings Angry crowds sang La Marseillaise & built blockades out of: Iron rails Overturned carts Paving stones Toppled trees

35. February Days (cont.) Clashed with troops 52 rebels killed

36. Results of February Days Louis Philippe abdicated Liberals, radicals, socialists, claimed the Second Republic of France Currently (since 1958) France is on its Fifth…

37. A Republic Divided Deep differences Bourgeois liberals – constitution/political reform Socialists – social & economic reform Set up national workshops – provided work for unemployed

38. June Days Bourgeoisie won control of gov’t Got rid of workshops Ticked off the Socialists & workers Workers – “Bread or Lead!”

39. More Violence Bourgeoisie – attacked protestors 1500 killed before gov’t crushed rebellion Left a deep mistrust between the bourgeoisie and the working class

40. Constitution By end of 1848, National Assembly had created a constitution Strong president Unicameral legislature Universal manhood suffrage

41. Election Over 9 million could vote (up from 200,000) Elected Louis Napoleon Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte Appealed to liberals – sympathy for working class Appealed to conservatives – name = restore order

42. Buh-Bye Republic Louis Napoleon – crowned self emperor (1852) Proclaimed self Napoleon III Ended Second Republic (began Second Empire)

43. The Age of Industry and Isms The Industrial Revolution & The Age of Ideology

44. Introduction The Industrial Revolution impacted: Technology Economics Society Politics

45. Industrial Revolution Change from using hand methods to machine methods to produce goods Result of the: Agricultural revolution Population explosion Began in Great Britain - Why? Natural resources Human resources Capital & demand Political & social conditions technology

46. Technology Year Invention Inventor 1785-1813 Power Loom Edmund Cartwright 1807 Steamboat Robert Fulton 1814 Steam Locomotive George Stephenson 1826 Photograph Joseph Niepce 1837 Telegraph Samuel Morse 1876 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell 1870-80s Phonograph, light bulb, motion pictures Thomas Edison

47. Laissez-Faire Economics Adam Smith Free market $ more goods at lower price $ no government involved Capitalism = driving force of the industrial age

48. Thomas Malthus Englishman “ Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798) Poverty & misery  population growing faster than food supply Shaped economic thinking

49. Urbanization

50. Working Class Life

51. Industrial Town Life

52. Authors Charles Dickens Amandine Auror Dupon (George Sand) Émile Zola

53. Middle Class

54. Domestic Service

55. Mining

56. Factory Conditions

57. Factory Dangers

58. Protests & Unions

59. Child Labor

66. Workhouses

70. 19 th Century Isms

71. Impact of Industrial Revolution Social concerns  social reform 19 th Century = new ways of Thinking Believing Looking at the world

72. 19 th Century “Isms” “ ism” = belief or ideology Ideology: a coherent set of beliefs about the way the social and political order should be organized 2 basic ways to define any ideology: What does it oppose? What does it advocate?

73. Nationalism All people derive their identities from their nations, which are defined by: Common language Shared cultural traditions & history Religion (sometimes)

74. Nationalism: Western Europe Spokespeople: Hegel, Mazzini Members: Entire countries of France, England, Spain, Italy, and parts of Germany Gov’t: Used national pride to unify & get citizens to do things (war, colonies, etc)

75. Nationalism: Western Europe Advocated: Cultural nationalism: had own language, history & culture – wanted to perfect it Political nationalism: preserve national culture, ensure liberty & justice for individual

76. Nationalism: Eastern Europe Spokesperson: Vuk Karadzic (Serbian Nationalist) & many others COV – lumped different cultures together Advocated: independence from other empires (Austrian, Ottoman, etc) preservation of own historic culture borders based on culture

77. Nationalism: Eastern Europe Poland: undo partitions of Polish territory & reestablish Polish state Magyars: autonomy of Hungary within Hapsburg Empire Russia: Pan-Slavism – unite all Slavic people under Russia’s leadership (opposed by many Slavic nations)

78. Utilitarianism Spokesperson: Jeremy Bentham Advocated: The greatest happiness for the greatest number Opposed: Existing legal systems (harmed people they should serve)

79. Radicalism Spokesman: Jeremy Bentham Members: working class leaders & industrial capitalists Advocated: Find a government best for your people Universal manhood suffrage

80. Radicalism Advocated (cont.): Reform/reconstruct: Criminal & civil law Prison & poor relief Municipal organization & rotten boroughs Opposed: Conservatives

81. Liberalism Spokesperson: John Stuart Mill Members: Business, professional, some landowners Gov’t: Pro representative gov’t

82. Liberalism Advocated: Change through legislation NOT revolution A way for people & gov’t to coexist without Harming majority Stifling individuality Individual rights & freedoms Universal suffrage (late 19 th C onward)

83. Liberalism (cont.) Opposed: Use of force to compel citizens to believe something (anti-military) Inequality People not helping society/others Government & church interference Universal suffrage (feared mob rule) – this changed by late 19 th C

84. Feminism Spokespeople: George Sand (French), John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor (English) Members: philosophical radicals, some socialists, women

85. Feminism: Continental Europe Advocated: Social & economic equality Better education Reform in women’s property & divorce laws NOT fighting for political rights at this time

86. Feminism: England Already had economic & social equality Advocated: Equal political rights Women’s Suffrage

87. Republicanism Members: intelligentsia, students, writers, working class, veterans (outgrowth of Jacobins) Gov’t: Pro Republic Advocated: Political equality Universal male suffrage Reform by violence & force (met in secret societies)

88. Republicanism Opposed: Monarchy Constitutional monarchy Aristocracy Catholic Church Liberals Please note: this is NOT referring to the US political party or their beliefs

89. Socialism Spokespeople: Robert Owen, Count Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc Gov’t: Pro-Parliament Saint-Simon

90. Socialism Advocated Economic equality Equal distribution of income (useful members) Social equality & harmony through communities based on cooperation Communal ownership of assets

91. Socialism Opposed: laissez-faire economics (capitalism) Poverty Inequality Injustice competition

92. Utopian Socialism Built self-sufficient communities All shared workload Common property If gap between rich & poor disappeared, fighting would cease All live as peaceful, happy family – a “Utopia”

93. Robert Owen Utopian Socialist Successful mill owner Refused child labor Campaigned for child labor laws Encouraged labor unions

94. Owen’s Utopia Believed that living conditions shaped people’s character New Lanark, Scotland factory – model Built homes Opened a school Treated employees well Point: one could still make money while providing decent conditions for workers

95. Conservativism Spokespeople: Edmund Burke, Von Metternich Gov’t: monarchy Advocated: Monarchy Catholic Church Aristocracy Status quo Opposed: Liberals Radicals Republicans Rapid change

96. Humanitarianism Spokesperson: Césare Beccaria Advocated: Universal Kindness Benevolence Sympathy Opposed: Maltreatment of working class Subjugation of women Colonialism

97. Communism Spokespeople: Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels The Communist Manifesto (1848)

98. Friedrich Engles Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between the proletariat & bourgeoisie as inevitable

99. Marxism Heavily influenced by Hegel & his dialectical method Work with your partner to diagram the Hegelian Dialectic (1 MINUTE)

100. How Marxism Works… Economics = driving force behind history History is a series of class struggles: HAVE NOTS HAVES plebeians patricians serfs lords Proletariat (working class) Bourgeoisie (middle class)

101. End of History Marx theorized that history would end with communism Why?

102. End of History Communism would end the struggles of the past because wealth and power would be equally shared

103. Weakness & Impact Claimed to be based on “scientific law” Predicted worldwide misery & revolution (was wrong) Not popular in 1848, but would have major impact Influenced many governments & is active today

104. Interpreting Marx “ The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!” Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto