GEO-SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT

INTEGRATED INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH AND INFORMATION (IIARI)
&
DECCAN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION (DERO)
Organizer
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https://www.linkedin.com/in/dribrahimbathisk/

Dr. IBRAHIM BATHIS K
Collaborator, Research Associate
Department of Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Pontianak
Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, INDONESIA – 78124
http://solarboost.tech/team
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Content For Today’s Presentation
1. Geo-Spatial technology
a) Remote Sensing (RS) or Earth Observation (EO)
b) Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
c) Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS)
2. Environmental Protection
a) Hydrology
b) Land use & Land Caver
c) Agriculture
d) Urban
3. Biodiversity Conservation (pending)
a) In-situ Conservation
b) Ex-situ Conservation
c) Application
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Geo-Spatial technology
a) Remote Sensing (RS) or Earth Observation (EO)
b) Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
c) Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS)
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Geo-Spatial technology
▪ Geospatial technology is a term relating to the collection or processing of data
that is associated with geographic mapping & analysis of the Earth and
human societies.
▪ All include the gathering, storing, processing, integrating, managing,
mapping, analyzing and distributing data tied to a particular location on Earth
or a phenomena on Earth.
▪ A term relating to the collection or processing of data that is associated with
geographic mapping & analysis of the Earth and human societies.
▪ One of the chief driving technology among the 4th industrial revolution.
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Remote Sensing
❖ Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus is in
contrast to on-site observation.
❖ The term is applied especially to acquiring information about the Earth.
❖ "Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring
information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with
it.
❖ This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and
processing, analyzing, and applying that information.“
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Remote Sensing
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Selfie of the
EARTH
Remote Sensing
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FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING
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Software
Transmission, Reception,
Processing (E)
Interpretation and Analysis
Application
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Remote Sensing
Aster
Landsat Ikonos Quickbird
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Sensors- A device to detect the EMR Reflected or Emitted
eg; Camera or scanner
Platforms; vehicle which carry the sensors,
eg; Aircraft or Satellite
➢ IRS P6 is satellite and LISS III is a sensor
➢ Landsat is a satellite and ETM, OLI, TIRS etc are the Sensors
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Remote Sensing type based on Platforms
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Geostationary orbit
▪ a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 kilometres (22,236 mi)
above the Earth's equator and following the direction of the Earth's rotation.
▪ Frequent measurements and Limited spatial coverage
Application; Telecommunication, Mobile and internet, weather forecasting and
navigation
Eg; GOES, Meteosat, India's INSAT series
Sun-synchronous orbit
a nearly polar orbit around Earth in which the satellite passes over any given point of
the planet's surface at the same local mean solar time
Application; Earth observation and monitoring, Resource mapping, Disaster
management, Climate and weather forecast.
Eg. Landsat, IRS, SPOT etc.
Remote Sensing type based on Orbits
-the path of satellite or track in which it moves.
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Geostationary
Sun-synchronous
Remote Sensing type based on Orbits
-the path of satellite or track in which it moves.
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Passive RS
Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is naturally, the SUN
▪ Available only day (reflected energy
▪ Depends on climate
Active sensors
provide their own energy source for illumination.
▪ Available all time and season
▪ Can penetrate cloud cover
Eg; RADAR, LIDAR
Remote Sensing type based on Source of Energy
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Remote Sensing type based on Source of Energy
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Remote Sensing type based on Resolution
Spatial Resolution
• A measure of smallest angular or linear separation between two objects that can be
resolved by sensor.
• The size of the area on the ground that a sensor "sees" at any point in time – or more
accurately, every time a signal is captured
Low resolution: larger than 30 m
Medium resolution: 2 - 30 m
High resolution: under 2 m
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Spatial Resolution
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Spectral Resolution
• Spectral resolution is the ability to resolve spectral features and bands into
their separate components.
• Describes the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals.
• The finer the spectral resolution, the narrower the wavelength range for a
particular channel or band.
• Thus high spectral resolution facilitates fine discrimination between
different targets based on their spectral response in each of the narrow
bands.
• Different classes of features and details in an image can often be
distinguished by comparing their responses over distinct wavelength
ranges.
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Spectral Resolution
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Temporal Resolution
▪ The time it takes for a satellite to complete one orbit cycle; also called
“revisit time”.
▪ The amount of time needed to revisit and acquire data for the exact same
location.
▪ The length of time between repeat coverage – How long between
consecutive images
▪ Depends on satellite/sensor capabilities, swath overlap and latitude
▪ Refers to the frequency with which images of a given geographic location
can be acquired.
▪ The temporal resolution is determined by the orbital characteristics and
swath width, the width of the imaged area
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Temporal Resolution
Sensors Revisit time
Landsat 16 days
IRS-IA and IB 11 days
Sentinel -2 5 days
MODIS 2 days
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Radiometric Resolution
▪ The radiometric resolution specifies how well the differences in brightness in an
image can be perceived; this is measured through the number of the grey value
levels. The maximum number of values is defined by the number of bits (binary
numbers).
▪ The maximum number of brightness levels available depends on the number of bits
used in representing the energy recorded
▪ The larger this number, the higher the radiometric resolution, and the sharper the
imagery
▪ Represented by positive digital numbers which vary from 0 to (one less than) a
selected power of 2.
➢ 16 bit sensor (Landsat OLI, TIRS) – 216 or 65536 levels
➢ 12 bit sensor (MODIS, MISR) – 212 or 4096 levels
➢ 10 bit sensor (AVHRR) – 210 or 1024 levels
➢ 8 bit sensor (Landsat TM) – 28 or 256 levels (0-255)
➢ 7 bit sensor (IRS TM) – 27or 128 levels (0-128)
➢ 6 bit sensor (Landsat MSS) – 26 or 64 levels (0-63)
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Radiometric Resolution
Number of Shades or brightness levels at a given wavelength • Smallest
change in intensity level that can be detected by the sensing system
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• A suite of software tools for mapping and analyzing data which is
georeferenced (assigned a specific location on the surface of the Earth,
otherwise known as geospatial data).
• GIS requires the use of computer hardware, software, data, and
specialists to study data related to Earth and the interconnections
between its various features.
• GIS can be used to detect geographic patterns in other data, such as
disease clusters resulting from toxins, sub-optimal water access, etc.
• GIS and Spatial Analytics is central to the geospatial universe for
capturing, storing, manipulating, analyzing and interpreting data
relationships to establish pattern and trends.
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Components of
GIS
SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
DATA
METHODS &
PROCEDURES
PEOPELE
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“In the strictest sense, a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling,
storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced
information, i.e. data identified according to their locations. Practitioners
also regard the total GIS as including operating personnel and the data that
go into the system.” ~ USGS“
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for
mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on earth.
GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and
statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis
benefits offered by maps.” ~ ESRI
“GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware, software, and trained
personnel linking topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and
other resource data that is geographically referenced.” ~ NASA
Important Definitions
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Desktop GIS:
Software is installed onto and runs on a personal computer
Web/Cloud GIS:
A desktop or mobile application allows the user to connect with
the GIS server on the Internet. Running GIS software on Cloud
allows a user to leverage the flexibility of the Cloud environment
for data capture, visualization, analysis and sharing
Mobile GIS:
Takes GIS technology out of the office and into the field on a
mobile device like a smartphone or a tablet
Important forms f GIS
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Components of GIS
Hardware:
• Hardware comprises the equipment needed to support the many
activities needed for geospatial analysis ranging from data collection to
data analysis.
• For desktop GIS, the central piece of equipment is the workstation,
which runs the GIS software and is the attachment point for ancillary
equipment.
• The use of handheld field technology and mobile GIS is also becoming
an important data collection tool in GIS.
• With the advent of web mapping, web servers have also become an
important piece of equipment.
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Components of GIS
Software:
• Central to this is the GIS application package.
• Software is essential for creating, editing and analyzing spatial and
attribute data, therefore these packages contain a myriad of geospatial
functions inherent to them.
• Extensions or add-ons are software that extends the capabilities of the
GIS software package.
• Utilities are stand-alone programs that perform a specific function. For
example, a file format utility that converts from on type of GIS file to
another.
• There is also web GIS software that helps serve data and interactive
maps through Internet browsers.
ESRI ArcGIS, QGIS, ArcGIS Online, BatchGeo, Maptitude, MapInfo Pro
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Components of GIS
Data:
• Data is the core of any GIS.
• There are two primary types of data that are used in GIS: vector and
raster data.
• Vector data is spatial data represented as points, lines and polygons.
• Raster data is cell-based data such as aerial imagery and digital
elevation models.
• Coupled with this data is usually data known as attribute data.
Attribute data generally defined as additional information about each
spatial feature housed in tabular format.
• Documentation of GIS datasets is known as metadata (Data about
data).
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Important terminology in GIS
Vector Data:
• Vector data is best described as graphical representations of the real
world.
• There are three main types of vector data: points, lines, and polygons.
Connecting points create lines, and connecting lines that create an
enclosed area create polygons.
• Vectors are best used to present generalizations of objects or features
on the Earth’s surface.
• Vector data and the file format known as shapefiles (.shp) are
sometimes used interchangeably since vector data is most often stored
in .shp files.
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Important terminology in GIS
Raster Data:
• Raster data is data that is presented in a grid of pixels.
• Each pixel within a raster has a value, whether it be a colour or unit of
measurement, to communicate information about the element in
question.
• Rasters typically refer to imagery.
• However, in the spatial world, this may specifically refer to
orthoimagery which are photos taken from satellites or other aerial
devices.
• Raster data quality varies depending on resolution and your task at
hand.
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Vector Raster
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The logical way to collect,
organize, disseminate, and use
geographic information for
sustainable development.
Ortho-rectified Imagery
Hydrology
Elevation
Transportation
Land cover
Many of the variables in an SDI are derived from remote sensor data.
Spatial Data Infrastructure Geographic Information System (GIS)
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Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)
• Real world objects can be located on Earth by coordinate systems.
• A geographic coordinate system defines three-dimensional coordinates
based on the Earth’s surface. It contains an angular unit of measure,
prime meridian and datum (which contains the spheroid).
• Various coordinate reference systems exist. In each coordinate system,
geographic locations or features are described mathematically using
coordinate values.
• World Geodetic System (WGS 1984) and North American Datum
(NAD 1983) are the most common datums today. Before 1983,
NAD27 was the most common datum..
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Latitude:
• A point on Earth's surface, is the angle between the equatorial plane
and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or
close to) the center of the Earth.
• Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of
Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator and to each
other.
• The north pole is 90° N; the south pole is 90° S.
• The 0° parallel of latitude is designated as the EQUATOR,
the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems.
• The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern
Hemispheres.
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Longitude:
• A point on Earth's surface, is the angle east or west of a reference
meridian to another meridian that passes through that point.
• All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles),
which converge at the north and south poles.
• The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich, in
south-east London, England, is the international prime meridian
• The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western
Hemispheres
• The longitude can be defined maximum as 180° east from the Prime
Meridian and 180° west from the Prime Meridian.
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✓ The equator is Zero horizontal datums where one measure north and south.
✓ For example, everything north of the equator has positive latitude values (N).
Whereas, everything south of the equator has negative latitude values (S).
✓ The Greenwich Meridian (or prime meridian) is a zero line of longitude from
which one measure towards east and west (E and W).
✓ Cartographers write latitudes and longitudes in degrees-minutes-seconds
(DMS) and decimal degrees.
✓ For degrees-minutes-seconds, Minutes range from 0 to 60. For example, the
geographic coordinate expressed in degrees-minutes-seconds for a given
location is;
Latitude: 13 degrees, 43 minutes, 47.15 seconds N
or 13°43'47.15"N
Longitude: 75 degrees, 37 minutes, 41.73 seconds W
or 75°37'41.73“E
How to Read the GCS value
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✓ You can also express geographic coordinates in decimal degrees.
✓ It’s just another way to represent that same location in a different format. For
example, for a given location is; decimal degrees is;
✓ Latitude: 13.73°N
✓ Longitude: 75.63°E
How to Read the GCS value
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✓ Altitude or height (sometimes known as depth) is defined based on the context
in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, and many
more).
✓ As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the
vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object.
✓ The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Although the
term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a
location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage.
Altitude
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Altitude
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
▪ A satellite navigation system with global coverage generally achieved by a satellite
constellation of 18-30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between several
orbital planes using orbital inclinations of >50° and orbital periods of roughly
twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or 12,000 miles).
➢ NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS)- United States
➢ GLONASS - Russian
➢ Galileo - European Union's
➢ BeiDou3- China
Regional navigation satellite systems
✓ BeiDou-1&2- China
✓ NAVIC- India
✓ QZSS- Japan
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A visual example of a 24 satellite GNSS constellation in motion with the earth rotating.
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The Basic concept of GNSS System
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This antenna is mounted on the
roof of a hut containing a
scientific experiment needing
precise timing
GPS receivers come in a variety of formats
GPS receiver used taxi/car
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GNSS Applications in Navigation
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GNSS Applications in Traffic and Highway
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GNSS Applications
in Geotagging
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GNSS Applications in Surveying and Mapping
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A map of the velocities predicted for a plate motion model. Plate boundaries are shown in white
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Measured motion of GPS sites. Plate boundaries are shown in green
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GNSS Applications in Geofencing
- practice of using GPS or radio frequency identification (RFID) to
define a geographic boundary (virtual barrier).
- the administrator can set up triggers that send a text message, email
alert, or app notification when a mobile device enters (or exits) the
specified area.
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GNSS Applications in Military and Soldiers
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Major Geospatial Technology Trends For 2020
❖ Miniaturization of Sensors
Growth of technologies made chips smaller, the sensors have become more efficient
and cost-effective.
❖ Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (AI)
when think and learn ability of AI combined with Geospatial, it produces sharp
analytics and solution-based approaches on geographic components.
❖ Self-Driving Vehicles
Geospatial technologies play an important role Automotive self-driving cars with the
collaboration of maps like Google, TomTom, and Here.
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❖ Smart Cities
The smart cities are created with the help of data collected from different sensors
which include pre-planned roads, utilities, water and waste disposal management and
so on.
❖ UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
Robots and drones do the survey which makes it more time and resource-efficient.
UAVs are used for gathering data with high accuracy from farms for pest
management and crop management, roads for traffic congestion and rerouting for
congestions, mapping the high-density forests and rivers, and many more.
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❖ Geospatial Augmented Reality (AR) apps
Most of the AR apps have geo-location-based dataset with the 3D virtual content
and GPS information to run on real-world locations.
Geospatial AR is the flipside digital data collection in the future. The virtualization
of real-world applications can be easily inverted as the world into more digitized.
❖ LiDAR
LiDAR refers to the term Light Detection and Ranging.
Applications are now wider in the range from every corner of the world.
LiDAR is a huge support to autonomous vehicles which work as the eye of the
autonomous vehicles.
LiDAR also plays a huge role in disaster management.
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Environmental protection
▪ The practice of protecting the natural Environment by means
of protecting the Earth renewables and non-renewable resources.
▪ Either by individuals, organizations and governments.
▪ Due to the pressures of overconsumption, population growth and
technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes
permanently.
▪ Kyoto Protocol of 1997
▪ Paris Agreement of 2015
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Do we really need to protect our Environmental ?
▪ It is critical to protect the environment so as to reduce the destruction of eco-
systems caused by a myriad of anthropogenic activities.
▪ Air and water pollution, global warming, smog, acid rain, deforestation, wildfires
are just few of the environmental issues that we are facing right now.
✓ The environment helps in protecting the ecosystem
-Because Ecosystems are deeply connected to one another (living and non-living).
✓ Protecting the environment protects humanity
-components of environment that are inevitable in everyone’s life: Air, Land and Water
✓ The environment protection is worthwhile in maintaining the earth’s balance.
-natural resources are in vulnerable condition leading to ‘n’ numbers of sustainable
issues.
there really no 'Planet B’option in this whole universe.
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Role of Geospatial techniques in Environment Protection
❑ Geospatial has made data publicly available to help encourage action worldwide
towards a better environment.
❑ In the last three decades, remote sensing and geospatial technology have helped in
environment protection and preservation by providing information and data that helps
make conscious decisions to save the environment.
❑ GIS has made data publicly available to help encourage action worldwide towards a
better environment.
❑ The analysis Human induced environment impact contains the magnitude, effects, and
characteristics of changes that take place in the environment.
❑ It is usually carried out with the help of GIS data and technology, utilizing technology
like remote sensing and satellite imaging.
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Air quality mapping
❑ GIS is extensively used to monitor and map air quality worldwide.
❑ With pollution rising to alarming levels, air quality mapping plays a crucial role in
environmental protection and preservation.
❑ With the help of GIS tools and resources, it has become more feasible to map air
quality with the help of extensive imaging and studies.
❑ GIS helps in creating air pollution models that help study, assess, and project air
quality over a period of time.
❑ GIS interactive model can also tell you which areas are the most hazardous or most
dangerous for everyone, more specifically for asthma patients.
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https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/interactive-map-air-quality-monitors
The AirData Air Quality Monitors app is a
mapping application available on the web and
on mobile devices that displays monitor
locations and monitor-specific information. It
also allows the querying and downloading of
data daily and annual summary data.
Interactive Map of
Air Quality Monitors
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Air quality mapping
3D Map of Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution | Mapping London
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Air quality mapping
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Water Quality Mapping with GPS and GIS
❑ Providing stable freshwater is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges
on India’s national horizon.
❑ Multiple influence peddlers like population explosion, rapid urbanization,
industrialization and agricultural development are putting stress on water resources.
❑ This has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in the country.
❑ Summer and rainy seasons witness the eruption of water-borne diseases, such as,
cholera, gastroenteritis and diarrhoea due to poor quality of drinking water and
sanitation.
❑ GIS integration helped in understanding the location-based details of water
contamination.
❑ Water quality maps prepared in GIS, together with sanitation data, assisted in
understanding the priority area for water treatment and drinking water quality
monitoring for the future.
https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/water-quality-mapping-gps-gis-india/
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India-WRIS WebGIS: Design And development of
Web enabled Water Resources Information System of India
https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/SWQuality
❑ Water is one of the most important renewable natural resources for supporting
life. With the increasing population of India as well as its all-round development,
the utilization of water is also increasing at a fast pace.
❑ Due to rapid rise in population and food demand, growing economy and
improving living standards; the pressure on our water resources is increasing and
it will become scarce in the coming decades if not managed at this stage in
integrated way.
❑ ‘Single Window’ solution of all water resources & related data and information in
a standardized GIS format to all concerned departments, organizations and
stakeholders.
❑ The thin client scalable web enabled information system provides comprehensive,
authoritative and consistent data of India's water resources along with allied
natural resources data & information, web enabled tools to search, access,
visualize, understand, look into context and study the spatial patterns.
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Delineation of Streams from DEM Fill
Before Fill After Fill
Flow Direction
Raster Feature
=
Stream order
(Strahler )
➢ Fill- either chopping off tall cells or filling in sinks.
➢ Flow Direction- determine where a landscape drains.
➢ Flow Accumulation- generate a drainage network,
based on the direction of flow of each cell.
➢ Stream order- The designation of stream orders
based on a hierarchic ranking of streams (Strahler
method).
➢ Stream to feature- conversion of raster (pixels) to
feature (line).
➢ Delineation - giving an outlet or pour points where
water flows out of an area (lowest point along the
boundary of the watershed).
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Delineation of Streams from DEM…
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Materials and Methodology flow chart for rainfall-runoff modeling
Rainfall-runoff Modeling
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Schematic diagram of Doddahalla watershed as HEC-HMS input (sub-watershed and streams are
delineated from HEC-GeoHMS)
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HEC-HMS simulated hydrograph of sub watershed W560 shows the
total precipitation, Soil infiltration and total outflow
HEC-HMS simulated hydrograph of sub watershed W670 shows the
total precipitation, Soil infiltration and total outflow.
Location map of Hoovinahole watershed (gauged watershed)
and Doddahalla watershed (ungauged watershed)
Simulated and observed total outflow graph of Hoovinahole watershed
(gauged watershed) on a storm event from 20-09-2009 to 30-09-2009
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Prioritisation of sub-watershed Morphometric parameters of sub-watershed
Prioritisation of Sub-Watershed
➢ The morphometric parameters
influence the soil erodibility..
➢ Highest value for linear
parameters and lowest value for
shape parameters..
➢ Lowest compound value has
been given very high priority…
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Soil depth and Soil texture map of Doddahalla watershed
Spatio - Temporal Variability of Infiltration Pattern
➢ Dry soils infiltrate more rapidly, and eventually it reaches a steady rate
when all the air pores in the soil layer are filled with the water.
➢ Directly connected with groundwater resources
Sl
No
Soil texture Infiltration rate mm/hr
1 Gravelly Loamy Sand 30
2 Sandy Loam 20-30
3 Loamy Sand 15-20
4 Sandy Clay Loam 10-15
5 Silty Clay Loam 7.5-10
6 Clay Loam 5-10
7 Clay 1-5
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Prioritisation of sub-watershed Morphometric parameters of sub-watershed
Delineating Groundwater potential zones
➢ Significant natural resources
worldwide
➢ Integrating the thematic maps..
➢ Assigned a weight value
according to the
interrelationships between the
occurrences of groundwater
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Water harvesting Structures
Site suitability map of RWH in Doddahalla watershed
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Land Use Land Cover (LU/LC)
➢ Land cover patterns reﬂect the underlying natural and social processes,
thus providing essential information for modelling and understanding
most of phenomena on Earth.
➢ LULC changes is important because it can provide input data for
environmental models dealing with climate change, hydrologic and
atmospheric models,, spatial planning and ﬂood risk assessment etc.
➢ Temporal NDVI data is an effective indicator of the vegetation
phonological characteristics in terms of seasonal changes in plants and
crops growth and activity in the dry lands.
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Landsat image information
Satellite Sensor Band
Wavelength
(µ)
Date of image acquisition in different seasons
Kharif Rabi Summer
Landsat 5 TM
Green 0.52-0.60
September
24, 1994
December 28,
1994
April
19, 1995
RED 0.63-0.69
NIR 0.75-0.90
SWIR 1.55-1.75
Landsat 7 ETM+
Green 0.52-0.60
September 15,
2000
February
06, 2001
May
13, 2001
RED 0.63-0.69
NIR 0.75-0.90
SWIR 1.55-1.75
Landsat
8
OLI
Green 0.53-0.59
September 30,
2014
January
04, 2015
May
12, 2015
RED 0.64-0.67
NIR 0.85-0.88
SWIR 1.57-1.65
Landsat satellite sensors and band information of the used images
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NDVI NDBI NDWI Water
Extraction
LULC Class
Up to Level III
NDBI-NDWI
Density Slicing (Water body, Forest, Kharif & Rabi crop)
Final LULC class
Up to Level III
Intersection
Landsat Satellite data
(TM, ETM+ & OLI)
Pre-Processing
-Assigning Projection
-Convert to Radiance
-Convert to Reflectance
Secondary data
NRSA
Bhuvan
Materials and Methodology flow chart for evaluation LULC in the Doddahalla watershed
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Seasonal Landsat 5 TM and NDVI images of Doddahalla watershed in the year 1994
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Annual NDWI map of Doddahalla watershed in the year 1994, 2000 and
2014 respectively
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 =
𝑁𝐼𝑅 − 𝑅𝑒𝑑
𝑁𝐼𝑅 + 𝑅𝑒𝑑
1994 2000
2014
𝑁𝐷𝑊𝐼 =
𝑁𝐼𝑅 − 𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅
𝑁𝐼𝑅 + 𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅
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1994
2000
2014
𝑁𝐷𝐵𝐼 =
𝑀𝐼𝑅 − 𝑁𝐼𝑅
𝑀𝐼𝑅 + 𝑁𝐼𝑅
Annual NDBI map of Doddahalla watershed in the year 1994, 2000 and
2014 respectively
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Annual NDVI map of Doddahalla watershed in the year 1994, 2000 and
2014 respectively
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Density sliced map of Doddahalla watershed in the year 1994, 2000 and
2014 respectively
1994
2000
2014
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1994
2000
2014
LULC map of Doddahalla watershed (Level III) in the year 1994, 2000
and 2014 respectively
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IRS P6 AWiFS Multi-date Data over parts of Gulbarga district for Rabi Season 2010-11
IRS P6 AWiFS multi-date Remote Sensing Data
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Landsat Thematic Mapper Color Composites
and Classification Map
Imperial Valley, California
Crop type classification
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Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL)
Conceptual scheme for SEBAL showing its principal components (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998).
VISIBIL
NIR
TIR
Surface albedo
Vegetation Index
Surface
temperature
Conversion Net radiation
Soil heat flux
Sensible heat Flux
Latent heat flux
Bowen-ratio
Evaporation fraction
Priestley & Taylor
coefficient
Surface resistance
Satellite
radiance
Surface
parameters
Land surface
parameterization
Surface energy
balance
Moisture indicator
SEBAL
LE = Rn - G – H
Where,
LE is Latent heat flux (energy consumed by ET)
Rn is Net radiation at the surface
G is Ground heat flux
H is Sensible heat flux unit in (W/m2)
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NDVI images of the Doddahalla watershed for the corresponding month of
January, May and December
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SAVI and LAI images of Doddahalla watershed for the month of January, May
and December
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LSE and LST images of Doddahalla watershed for the month of January, May
and December
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Surface Albedo and net Surface Radiant flux images of Doddahalla watershed
for the month of January, May and December
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Soil heat flux and Sensible heat flux images of Doddahalla watershed for the month
of January, May and December
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Latent heat flux and instantaneous ET images of Doddahalla watershed for the
month of January, May and December
𝐸𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 3600𝜆ET
𝜆
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Reference ET Fraction and daily ET images of Doddahalla watershed for the
month of January, May and December
𝐸𝑇𝑟𝐹 =
𝐸𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝐸𝑇𝑟
𝐸𝑇24 = 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝐹 × 𝐸𝑇𝑟_24
ETr- Reference ET (mm/hr)
ETr_24- Cumulative 24-hour ET
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Impervious overlay from planimetric data
80 meter MSS multispectral
80 meter MSS w/ impervious overlay
30 meter TM 7 band multispectral
30 meter TM w/ impervious overlay
10 meter SPOT panchromatic
10 meter SPOT w/ impervious overlay
1 meter DOQ panchromatic
1 meter DOQ w/ impervious overlay
Sub-meter ADAR 4 band multispectral
Sub-meter ADAR w/ impervious overlay
Spatial Resolution
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Spatial
Resolution
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1994
1996
Sun City Hilton Head
Urban change detection
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Urban Remote Sensing using Thermal Infrared Data
Atlanta, Georgia
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LIDAR-derived Digital Terrain Model: Manhattan, NY
NOAA data obtained by Optech, Inc.
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Remote sensing Application in LST
➢ In the past decades the LST was estimated by spatial interpolation of
air temperature, measured using the land based observation stations
and temperature sensors mounted on a moving vehicles.
➢ With the vast development of thermal infrared remote sensing
technology, as MODIS, AVHRR, and SEVIRI, provide a valuable way
for measuring LST over the whole globe.
➢ The launch of the Landsat satellite series has allowed the acquisition
of a historical thermal database of thermal imagery at medium and
high spatial resolution with a 16 - day temporal resolution.
Satellite / Sensor Launch year Resolution (m)
Landsat 4 TM 1982 120
Landsat 5 TM 1984 120
Landsat 7 ETM+ 1999 60
Landsat 8 TIRS 2013 100
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Landsat Satellite images
TM,ETM+,OLI/TIRS
LST
(mono-window
and Split Window)
Conversion to
Brightness
Temperature
Pre processing and
Geo-rectification
Station data
(IMD)
Temperature
Air pressure
Relative Humidity
Water Vapor
atmospheric
transmittance
effective mean
atmospheric
temperature
Conversion to Radiance
NDVI LULC
Classification
Emissivity
Conversion to Reflectance
LST Flow chart
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➢Landsat 8 Thermal Infra-Red Sensor (TIRS) thermal bands in
the 10.40-12.50 µm wavelength used to study the UHI.
➢UHI conditions are severe at the high density built up area, and
commercial/industrial areas compared to the suburbs.
➢The average summer temperature is range from 35°C to 40°C,
and the average winter temperature ranges from 12°C to 32°C.
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Pre-dawn Thermal Infrared Image of Hot Water Entering the Savannah River
Swamp System
Savannah
River
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Thermal Infrared Detection of
Thermal water pollution n the river
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Biodiversity Conservation
“Biodiversity conservation refers to the protection, upliftment, and management
of biodiversity in order to derive sustainable benefits for present and future
generations.”
• Biodiversity conservation is the protection and management of biodiversity to obtain
resources for sustainable development.
Biodiversity conservation has three main objectives:
✓ To preserve the diversity of species.
✓ Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystem.
✓ To maintain life-supporting systems and essential ecological processes.
Biodiversity refers to the variability of life
on earth.
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Biodiversity Conservation- methods
• Biodiversity conservation is the protection and management of biodiversity to obtain
resources for sustainable development.
Biodiversity conservation has three main objectives:
✓ To preserve the diversity of species.
✓ Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystem.
✓ To maintain life-supporting systems and essential ecological processes.
In-situ Conservation
Ex-situ Conservation
Biodiversity is being lost due to the loss of habitat, over-
exploitation of resources, climatic changes, pollution, invasive
exotic species, diseases, hunting, etc. Since it provides us with
several economic and ethical benefits and adds aesthetic value, it
is very important to conserve biodiversity.
Methods
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Biodiversity Conservation- In-situ Conservation methods
• The species conserved within their natural habitat, thus the natural ecosystem is
maintained and protected.
The main advantages of in-situ conservation,
✓ It is a cost-effective and a convenient method of conserving biodiversity.
✓ A large number of living organisms can be conserved simultaneously.
✓ Since the organisms are in a natural ecosystem, they can evolve better and can
easily adjust to different environmental conditions.
✓ Certain protected areas where in-situ conservation takes place include national
parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.
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Biodiversity Conservation- Ex-situ Conservation methods
• Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity involves the breeding and maintenance of
endangered species in artificial ecosystems such as zoos, nurseries, botanical
gardens, gene banks, etc.
• There is less competition for food, water and space among the organisms..
The main advantages of Ex-situ conservation,
✓ The animals are provided with a longer time and breeding activity.
✓ The species bred in captivity can be reintroduced in the wild.
✓ Genetic techniques can be used for the preservation of endangered species.
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Geospatial techniques and Biodiversity Conservation
• The challenge was to prove that units identified on remote sensing data represents
unique composition.
• In pioneer studies carried out at Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun,
vegetation communities in dry deciduous forests were mapped using Landsat TM
data.
• The results showed vegetation units identified on remote sensing image show
total agreement with the results of field based observations (Ravan, Roy and
Sharma, 1995).
• The advantage of remote sensing is that it also identifies the vegetation /landuse
units which may likely to miss during field surveys because of limitations in
sampling techniques.
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Geospatial techniques and Biodiversity Conservation
• The research conducted by the Centre for Ecological Sciences (Indian Institute of
Science) have also verified results in Western Ghats forest by classifying
ecological entities differentiated in terms of their composition/configuration to
which field investigations of biodiversity can be linked (Nagendra and Gadgil,
1999).
• Thus, the efforts have resulted in wide acceptance of remote sensing technology
in various studies such as wildlife ecology, biodiversity assessment, wetland
ecology, biodiversity prioritization, forest and wildlife management etc.
• The potential of GIS were also proved in landscape ecology by mapping
disturbance zones in natural ecosystem and quantifying its impact on the
biodiversity and biomass accumulation along the disturbance gradient.
• Many state governments are also making use of GIS for forest management,
working plans, biodiversity, village ecodevelopment, and plantation inventory for
Forest Development Corporation.
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Geospatial techniques to Model Wildlife Corridors
• The creation of highways across the habitats of large, roaming mammals often results in
significant deaths when, they attempt to cross highways which pass through their ranges.
• Specific crossing points can be built as part of a highway project, but where should wildlife
corridors be placed to maximize their value?
• Researcher are used GIS to find the best approach to creating linkages between areas of the
range of Black Bears where the Trans-Canada Highway passes through Banff National
Park, Alberta, Canada (Clevenger, Wierszchowski, Chruszcz, & Gunson, 2002).
• Suitability maps indicating the areas most likely to be selected by bears for crossing points
were developed with GIS software.
• Several sources of data on bear movements were used to create and compare models to
predict the most likely linkage points that would be used by bears, to minimize both
construction costs and road-kill.
• This kind of successful research highlights the advantages of GIS models over the time-
consuming and expensive process of collecting data in case-by-case situations.
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Maps showing the calculated minimum cost-distance habitat linkages for a) black bear, b) bobcat, and
c) fisher. The three species maps were then merged to create the functional habitat linkage d).
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Geospatial techniques to Preserve Biodiversity
• In a study of endangered tree species in Egypt, was made use of GIS systems to effectively
overlay maps of the ranges of endangered plant onto maps of habitat areas.
• These areas included both those already declared as reserves and those only proposed as
reserves at the time of the study.
• This research addressed a critical issue in biodiversity conservation, the ability to match
conservation areas with the actual distribution of a wide variety of species within a target
area.
• By using these GIS maps, botanists and wildlife managers can visualize and present suitable
data to optimize the boundaries.
• Geospatial becomes widely established in plant conservation in particular, that habitat
evaluation and monitoring is now be carried out with a high degree of accuracy and even
rare, endemic species with highly limited habitats can be accurately monitored and assessed
for conservation.
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Geospatial
techniques to
Preserve
Biodiversity
This approach leads to the attribution of selected values regarding precipitation, land cover,
terrain, topography, soil typology, temperature and climate to the wild habitats of a target
species, resulting in a summarized fact sheet which reflects the ecological preferences of a
target species.
The GPS used for
point sampling in
a GIS for
collection sites of
a target species.
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Geospatial techniques to Live wildlife tracking and monitoring
• Using a GNSS tracking collar can aid in recording wildlife movements and provide more
accuracy than other tracking systems
• Large mammals including Moose (Alces alces), Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), Caribou
(Rangifer tarandus), Mountain lions (Puma concolor) and Wolves (Canis lupus).
• The migratory patterns of endangered species, such as the mountain gorillas of Rwanda,
are tracked and mapped using GPS, helping to preserve and enhance declining populations.
Endangered monk seal with GPS-enabled
tracking device
• GPS wildlife animal tracking devices can be
used to identify and find all the animals in
nature, jungle and national parks.
• You can use it to search and rescue pet
animals for domestic purposes.
• You will receive location updates at preset
intervals.
• Micro Hornet GPS chip is the world’s
smallest wearables GPS With dimensions of
10x10x5.8mm and weighing just 2.5 grams,
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Radio-collared wolf in Yellowstone National Park
A saltwater crocodile with GPS-based
satellite transmitter for migration tracking
A jaguar wearing a tracking collar
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The Places Eagles Visited In One Year
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The map shows all the traveling that these eagles did in one year
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Google Map showing the flight paths of a number of Geese over a
number of years Between Germany and Russia
https://www.blessgans.de/index.php?id=444&L=4&goose=72449
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GPS tracking data overlaid on the Google map
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GEO-SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT

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GEO-SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT