Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
this presentation briefly describes the digital image processing and its various procedures and techniques which include image correction or rectification with remote sensing data/ images. it also contains various image classification techniques.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Geographical Information System (GIS) Georeferencing and Digitization, Bihar ...Kamlesh Kumar
This work is an effort to share Geographical Information System: Georeferencing, digitization and map making steps through QGIS 2.0.1
Georeferencing
Digitization of Topographical sheet
Point
Line
Area
Bihar Map
District Headquarters
Railway of Bihar
District Boundaries
Thematic Maps (Literacy & Sex Ratio)
Digitizing in GIS is the process of converting geographic data either from a hardcopy or a scanned image into vector data by tracing the features. During the digitzing process, features from the traced map or image are captured as coordinates in either point, line, or polygon format
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
this presentation briefly describes the digital image processing and its various procedures and techniques which include image correction or rectification with remote sensing data/ images. it also contains various image classification techniques.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTORRaster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Geographical Information System (GIS) Georeferencing and Digitization, Bihar ...Kamlesh Kumar
This work is an effort to share Geographical Information System: Georeferencing, digitization and map making steps through QGIS 2.0.1
Georeferencing
Digitization of Topographical sheet
Point
Line
Area
Bihar Map
District Headquarters
Railway of Bihar
District Boundaries
Thematic Maps (Literacy & Sex Ratio)
Digitizing in GIS is the process of converting geographic data either from a hardcopy or a scanned image into vector data by tracing the features. During the digitzing process, features from the traced map or image are captured as coordinates in either point, line, or polygon format
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Remote sensing and GIS are two interrelated fields of geoinformatics that deal with the collection, analysis, and display of data about the earth's surface. Remote sensing is the science and technique of measuring and recording the properties of objects or phenomena without physical contact, using electromagnetic radiation (EMR) data from aircraft and satellites ¹. GIS is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing the spatial and statistical aspects of the data, using databases and visual representations ¹.
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to monitor the
(1) Remote sensing and GIS applications in earth and
Geographic Information System for Bachelor in Agriculture EngineeringDinesh Bishwakarma
This slide tells about the basic of the Geographic Information System and use of GIS and Remote Sensing in Agriculture
for more details goto www.dineshbishwakarma.com.np
my youtube channel : https://www.youtube.com/c/L%C3%B8stB%C3%B8y/videos
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
1. Introduction toIntroduction to
Geographic InformationGeographic Information
Systems (GIS)Systems (GIS)
&&
Remote Sensing (RS)Remote Sensing (RS)
Syed Subtain HussainSyed Subtain Hussain
GIS ConsultantGIS Consultant
20182018
2. OutlinesOutlines
• Introduction to GIS
• Who use GIS? & what can we do with
GIS
• How does GIS work?
• Geography database & types of data
• Features of GIS
• Remote Sensing (RS)
• Sample Maps
4. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
computer-based system including software,
hardware, people, and geographic information
A GIS can:
create, edit, query, analyze, and display
map information on the computer
A “geographic information system” (GIS) is a
computer-based tool that allows you to create,
manipulate, analyze, store and display
information based on its location.
6. Who uses GIS?Who uses GIS?
• International organizations
The World Bank, UN, FAO, WHO, etc.
• Private industry
Transport, Real Estate, Insurance, Crime, etc.
• Government
Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture,
Census, NDMA, etc.
Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc.
Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks,
Transportation, etc.
7. GIS SoftwarsGIS Softwars
• Esri ArcGIS desktop/server
• MapInfo
• Global Mapper
• QGIS (opensource)
• Etc.
8. • The possibilities are unlimited…
Environmental impact assessment
Resource management
Risk Assessment
Disaster Management
Tax Mapping
Water and Sanitation Mapping
Transportation routing
Disaster planning
and more ...
What can you do with a GIS?What can you do with a GIS?
9. How does a GIS work?How does a GIS work?
• GIS data has a spatial/geographic
reference
This might be a reference that
describes a feature on the earth using:
• a latitude & longitude
• a national coordinate system
• an address
• a district
• a wetland identifier
• a road name
• A land parcel
• Etc.
10. What is Spatial Data?What is Spatial Data?
Spatial data is information
which is linked to a specific
location, for example the
population of a town, or the
occupant of an address.
11. • A GIS stores information about the world as
a collection of thematic layers that can be
linked together by geography
Geography and DatabasesGeography and Databases
12. Data Collection TechniquesData Collection Techniques
RasterRaster VectorVector
PrimaryPrimary Digital remote
sensing images
GPS
measurements
Digital aerial
photographs
Survey
measurements
SecondarySecondary Scanned maps Topographic
surveys
DEMs from maps Data sets from
atlases
14. GIS providesGIS provides Data IntegrationData Integration
VectorsVectors
TopologyTopology
NetworksNetworks
TerrainTerrain
SurveysSurveys
ImagesImages
CADCAD
DrawingsDrawings
AnnotationAnnotation
AddressesAddresses
27 Main St.27 Main St.
AttributesAttributes
ABCABC
107’107’
3D Objects3D Objects
DimensionsDimensions
• Roads
• Land Parcels
• Population
• Utilities
• Land Parcel
• Land Mines
• Hospitals
• Refugee Camps
• Wells
• Sanitation
• etc.
15. Two fundamental types of dataTwo fundamental types of data
• Vector
A series of x,y coordinates
For discrete data represented as points, lines,
polygons
• Raster
Grid and cells
For continuous data such as elevation, slope,
surfaces
• A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both
types of data effectively!
19. Remote Sensing (RS)Remote Sensing (RS)
• Remote Sensing, process of obtaining information about
land, water, or an object without any physical contact
between the sensor and the subject of analysis.
• Remote Sensing is an extensive science, drawing from
many areas for support and development. Satellite and
digital imagery play an important role in remote sensing;
providing information about the land studied.
• The benefits of remote sensing continue to arise. It can
be used to access hard to reach areas for fieldwork, and
provides a more detailed, permanent and objective
survey that offers a different perspective. Air photos are
still favored and easily accessible sources of information
for classification
20. RS acquiring informationRS acquiring information
• Remote Sensing means acquiring
information about a phenomena,
object or surface while at a
distance from it. This name is
attributed to recent technology
in which Satellite, space craft
and Drone are used from
collecting information to it.
22. Higher Resolution Satellite Sensors UsedHigher Resolution Satellite Sensors Used
Quickbird
2.5 m multispectral
resolution
61 cm (~2 ft.)
panchromatic resolution
IKONOS
4 m visible/infrared
resolution
1 m panchromatic
resolution
MOST COMMON USES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION:MOST COMMON USES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION:
Accurate Base Maps
Infrastructure Mapping
Disaster Assessment (Smaller Scale)
23. How data is extracted:How data is extracted:
• Layers such as roads (yellow) and rivers (blue) can
be easily seen from air/satellite photos
• This information is digitized (see next slide),
separated into layers, and integrated into a GIS
24. Digitizing DataDigitizing Data
• MANUALMANUAL
Map is fixed to digitizer table
Control Points are digitized
Feature Boundaries are digitized in stream or point mode
The layer is proofed and edited
The layer is transformed/registered to a known system
• AUTOMATED SCANNERSAUTOMATED SCANNERS
Digitizing done automatically by a scanner
There is a range of scanner qualities
Most utilize the reflection/transmission of light to record data
“Thresholding” allows for the determination of both line and point
features from a hardcopy map
Editing still required
• DIRECT DATA ENTRYDIRECT DATA ENTRY
Coordinate Geometry is used, with GPS playing a vital role
This involves directly entering in coordinates measured in the field
These coordinates can then be tagged with attribute data
This data this then downloaded to a computer and incorporated into a
GIS
25. IKONOS (4 m Multispectral)IKONOS (4 m Multispectral)
26. Pre Flood – 17 July 2006 Post Flood – 09 Aug 2006
10098 acr
3516 acr
● Phulani
● Goth Lataran
● Ural
● Junno Dhand
● Shahpur
● Godhpur
● Than Lake
● Goth Azizpur
● Goth Raza Mahar
● Phulani
● Goth Lataran
● Ural
● Junno Dhand
● Shahpur
● Godhpur
● Than Lake
● Goth Azizpur
● Goth Raza Mahar
● Muhro Mari
● Darapur
● Kot Shahgarch
● Muhro Mari
● Darapur
● Kot Shahgarch
Flood Damage to Standing CropsFlood Damage to Standing Crops
SukkurSukkur
27. Village 21
Village 13
Village 20
Village 11
Village 22
Village 19
Village 15
Village 14
Village 16
Village 7
Village 23
Village 17
Village 8
Village 5
Village 3
Village 2
Village 1
Village 12
Village 9
Village 6
Village 10
Village 4
Village 18
Village 24
MODELLING THROUGH GISMODELLING THROUGH GIS
VILLAGES TO BE EFFECTED BY FLOODINGVILLAGES TO BE EFFECTED BY FLOODING
If flood level rose to 2000 feet
If flood level rose to 3000 feet
If flood level rose to 4000 feet