Geography Skills: Contours
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Maps represent 3D landscapes in 2D, which can make it difficult to depict elevation changes. There are two main ways maps show 3D terrain: profile views and contour maps. Contour maps take a 3D landscape and represent it with 2D contour lines that connect points of equal elevation. The closer the lines are together, the steeper the slope; lines farther apart indicate flatter land. Contour maps provide detailed elevation information and allow inferences about landscape shapes and slopes.
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The document discusses map scales. It defines three types of scales: stated scale, linear scale, and ratio scale. It explains how to convert between ratio scales and stated scales using the metric system and decimal places. It provides examples of calculating distances on maps using cross-multiplication and five steps: find the ratio scale, convert to stated scale, measure map distance, use cross-multiplication, and write a conclusion statement. Finally, it describes the difference between large scale and small scale maps in terms of the level of detail shown and area covered.
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Contour maps use contour lines to represent three-dimensional terrain in two dimensions. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and their spacing indicates the steepness of slopes - lines closer together mean steeper terrain. Contour maps provide more detailed topographical information than other map types by depicting the shape and gradient of land and can be used to infer elevation changes even when numerical spot heights are not provided.
Topo maps
Topographic maps use contour lines to represent the shape and elevation of land. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and never touch or cross. Closely spaced lines indicate steep slopes, while widely spaced lines show gentle slopes. A contour interval is the elevation difference between lines. Topographic maps also use colors, symbols and labels to depict features like water, vegetation and man-made objects. Benchmarks provide exact elevation references and are marked on maps with their altitude in feet.
Value form in light
Value drawing uses ranges of tones from light to dark to create a three-dimensional illusion without outlines. Key aspects of value drawing include using a range of tones from white (highlights) to black (shadows) to define shapes, filling the entire composition with values rather than just outlines, and focusing on shading areas rather than lines. Successful value drawings eliminate outlines and use values throughout to realistically depict form, light, and shadow.
1017 notes on maps and mapping
Maps are simplified representations of reality that use graphical symbols like points, lines, and areas to depict selected features of a location. They necessarily distort aspects of scale, distance, shape, and direction due to projecting the spherical Earth onto a flat surface. Other challenges include accommodating the large size of the world within a small map and establishing coordinate systems to define locations precisely. Creating a useful map involves forecasting its purpose and audience, selecting essential features, simplifying details, and symbolizing the information through graphic design and labeling.
Cartography Unit_ 3.pptx
This document provides information on map projections. It defines map projection as a systematic transformation of locations on Earth onto a plane. It discusses the three main types of projections: planar, cylindrical, and conic. Planar projections center on a point and are accurate near the center, cylindrical projections are rolled onto a cylinder and accurate along the equator, and conic projections use a cone and are suited to limited east-west areas near the equator. It also discusses properties like shape, area, direction, and distance distortions that occur in projections and notes no projection is perfect. Common projections like Mercator, UTM, and Robinson are described.
Map scale and projection
This document discusses map scale and projections. It defines scale as the relationship between distances on a map and in reality. Scale can be indicated graphically using a bar scale or fractionally as a ratio. Larger scale maps show smaller areas in greater detail while smaller scale maps show larger areas with less detail. Map projections transfer the spherical Earth onto a flat surface, inevitably introducing some distortion of shapes, sizes or distances. Different projections prioritize conformality, equivalence or other properties depending on the map's intended use.
Extra ways to see: An Artist's Guide to Map Operations
Map operations convert one subdivision of a surface into another, thereby suggesting alternate ways to decorate or build the surface. Over twenty map operations are described in a visual way by their truchet tiles. Paper presented at the 2011 ISAMA Chicago conference.
Continuing Our Look At Primary And Secondary Data
The document discusses different types of maps and data presentation methods used in geography. It describes scatter graphs, line graphs, bar graphs, histograms, choropleth maps, dot maps, topological maps, isoline maps, and limitations of maps. Examples are given of choropleth and dot maps showing world population with Egypt highlighted. Maps are useful tools for geographers to locate study areas, show spatial patterns and changes over time.
Continuing Our Look At Primary And Secondary Data
The document discusses different types of maps and data presentation methods used in geography, including their purposes, characteristics, and limitations. Scatter plots show relationships between two data sets, with the dependent variable on the x-axis. Line graphs show changes over time with all points connected. Maps are important geographical tools that can locate study areas, show spatial patterns, and compare changes over time. Different map types include choropleth, dot, topological, isoline, and sketch maps. Selecting the appropriate map scale and being aware of maps' limitations, like being snapshots in time, are important considerations.
FCP 3 - Map Reading - CFSGT Putland - Mar 10
The document discusses map reading skills, defining a map, types of maps like topographical maps, how topographical features are represented through techniques like contours and spot heights, scales which show the ratio of distance on a map to distance on the ground, and grid references which provide a precise way to locate points on a map using eastings and northings. It aims to enable cadets to navigate using maps, understand terrain, and communicate locations accurately.
Scale And Distance
Large scale maps show detail over small areas like roads and towns, while small scale maps show less detail over larger areas like whole countries. Map scales are shown through ratios, scale bars, or written statements. Distances on maps can be measured directly using a ruler for straight lines or indirectly using a string or paper for curved paths. The measurement is then converted using the scale bar to determine real distances.
Chapter two
The document discusses different types of maps and map projections. It describes how maps represent the earth's curved surface on a flat surface, necessitating distortions and tradeoffs between shape and size accuracy. It covers scale, essential map elements, globes, families of map projections including Mercator and planar, isolines, and remote sensing techniques like aerial photography, satellites, and multispectral analysis.
BOLTSS - Mapping Geography
BOLTSS
Mapping Geography
Acronym: BOLTSS
Border - Orientation - Legend - Title -- Scale - Source
Six (6) essential features of a MAP.
Contouring
This document discusses contouring in surveying. It defines key terms like contour, contour line, and contour interval. It explains direct and indirect methods of contour surveying, including taking levels and establishing horizontal controls. It describes drawing contours and characteristics of contour maps, such as contours never intersecting except in cases of overhanging cliffs or vertical cliffs. Common contour line types are defined, like isobars and isotherms. Topographic maps and how to make a cross-section from a map are also summarized.
Toposheet interpretation
The document provides information on key concepts related to maps and map reading, including:
1) Maps are graphical representations of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, with symbols used to denote features. Scale allows large areas to be shown on small maps and is expressed verbally, as a ratio, or with a bar scale.
2) Grid references use a system of eastings and northings to precisely locate features on maps divided into grids. Contour lines and spot heights indicate land elevation and relief. Hachures and shading are also used to represent relief.
3) Maps use colors to represent different features - green for forests, blue for water, etc. Settlement patterns, drainage patterns, transportation
Topographic maps
A topographic map uses contour lines to represent the elevation and shape of the land. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and indicate the steepness of slopes by their proximity - close lines mean a steep slope, while lines far apart indicate a gentle slope. A benchmark provides an exact elevation reference point marked on the map. Additional symbols and colors provide further information about features such as water, vegetation, and man-made structures. Topographic maps allow users to understand elevation changes over an area and measure distances using the map scale.
Basic topographic mapping
It will give you a fundamentals on different types of map and an introduction on topographic mapping.
This presentation is made for my report in Basic Geography Class
Chapter 2:3 Maps
Maps are used to locate places and show distributions of features on Earth's surface. There are different types of map projections that show shapes and sizes of landmasses in different ways. Topographic maps model elevation changes using contour lines and indicate natural and human-made features. Geologic maps show the arrangement and types of rocks at the surface and below.
Watershed_Delineation
Delineating watershed boundaries. All watershed delineation means
is that you’re drawing lines on a map to identify a watershed’s
boundaries. These are typically drawn on topographic maps using
information from contour lines. Contour lines are lines of equal
elevation, so any point along a given contour line is the same elevation.
To delineate a watershed’s boundaries on a topographic map it’s easiest if you
first understand some things about these maps. Rather than taking a lot of time
to explain that here, there are several good web sites that describe this. I
recommend that you Google “Read a topographic map” to access some of
those sites. But here are a few highlights of topographic maps, and a bit more
information will be given later in the presentation
Gi
This document discusses key geographical skills and investigation techniques including:
- Reading topographical maps such as grid references, directions, and scales
- Measuring distances on maps using straight or curved routes
- Interpreting landforms and relief using contour lines and describing features like mountains, valleys, and plateaus
- Calculating gradients to determine the steepness of slopes
- Interpreting map symbols to understand physical and human features
- Analyzing settlement patterns and different types of maps
- Constructing and interpreting graphs like line graphs, bar graphs, histograms and scatterplots to visualize geographical data
- Following the phases of fieldwork which include forming hypotheses or questions, collecting data, analyzing results and drawing conclusions
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socialstudiesgeographyskills-contours-online-120601012740-phpapp02.pdf
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Extra ways to see: An Artist's Guide to Map Operations
Extra ways to see: An Artist's Guide to Map Operations
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This document discusses reflexive verbs in French. It explains that reflexive verbs show that the subject is performing the action on itself. It provides examples of common reflexive verbs like se baigner, which means "to bathe." It then discusses how to conjugate reflexive verbs, including changing the reflexive pronoun to agree with the subject and conjugating the infinitive verb form. It also covers placing the reflexive pronoun and exceptions, negative forms of reflexive verbs, and notes that many reflexive verbs can also be used non-reflexively with a change in meaning.
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This document discusses determining common multiples and common factors of numbers. It explains that the common multiples of two numbers are the multiples that are shared between the two lists of all their individual multiples. The least common multiple is the smallest number that is a multiple of both numbers. It also explains that common factors are factors that two numbers have in common, and these can be determined by making lists of all the factors of each number and looking for the ones they share. A Venn diagram can also be used to visualize common factors between two numbers.
Divisibility Rules
Divisibility refers to whether a number can be divided by another number without a remainder. A number is divisible by another number if when you divide them, the result is a whole number. The document then provides rules for determining if a number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 4. It explains that you cannot divide by 0 because there is no number that when multiplied by 0 equals the original number.
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There are eight cardinal directions that can be expanded to include intermediate directions like southeast and northwest. Occasionally sixteen directions are used, or bearings measured in degrees from 0 to 360 can specify an exact direction. Magnetic compasses and protractors are tools used to determine directions and calculate bearings, although GPS is more commonly used today.
Economic Revolutions - Agricultural Revolution
1. The document describes changes in job sectors and economies as nations progress from agricultural to industrial to service-based.
2. It then focuses on the agricultural revolution, which involved adopting bigger farms through enclosures and land reclamation, better equipment like mechanized plows and reapers, and improved techniques like crop rotation and selective breeding.
3. These changes dramatically increased food production and lowered costs, fueling population growth and freeing many farmers to seek work in cities as agriculture became more industrialized.
The French Revolution - part 2
The royal family tried to escape France but was caught. This led to the creation of a new constitution and Legislative Assembly with power shared between the king and assembly. Internal divisions grew between moderate and radical groups as the war went badly. Radicals took control in Paris, declared a republic and executed the king and queen. The Reign of Terror followed under Robespierre until his own fall from power. The government transitioned to the Directory and then the Consulate before Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
The French Revolution - part 1
The document summarizes the social and political structure of France prior to the French Revolution, known as the Old Regime. Under this system, French society was rigidly divided into three estates - clergy, nobility, and commoners. The nobility and clergy comprised only a small portion of the population but held most of the wealth and political power. Growing economic problems and resentment of the privileges of the higher estates led to calls for reform and eventually sparked the French Revolution.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France during the French Revolution. He established himself as the Emperor of France and expanded French territory across Europe through military conquest. At the height of his power, Napoleon controlled a vast empire stretching from France to Russia. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and marked the beginning of his decline in power. After being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, where he died in 1821. His reign significantly influenced the development of nationalism and the modernization of legal codes across Europe.
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The 5 Themes of Geography
The document outlines the five key themes of geography: (1) Location, (2) Place, (3) Human-Environment Interaction, (4) Movement, and (5) Regions. Location refers to where places are located and their absolute and relative positions. Place examines the physical and human characteristics of locations. Human-Environment Interaction considers how humans impact and are impacted by their environments. Movement discusses how people, goods, and ideas flow between places. Regions looks at how the world can be divided into defined areas based on various characteristics.
First Contact
Describes the first contact between Europeans and the Native Americans. Includes Jared Diamond's theory of Guns, Germs, and Steel.
New France Powerpoint
1) Jacques Cartier explored the Maritimes and St. Lawrence River in the 1530s and 1540s, claiming land for France and founding settlements that ultimately failed.
2) Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, establishing the first permanent French colony in New France.
3) New France grew slowly due to its system of seigneurial land grants and the Company of One Hundred Associates' focus on the fur trade over settlement.
4) France lost New France after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, ceding the territory to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
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Geography Skills: Contours
- 3. In real life we see in 3D, but maps are only two dimensional. It is therefore difficult for maps to show three dimensions.
- 4. It is possible, but very difficult, to create a form of 3D map such as those shown here.
- 5. There are two ways maps try to show 3D: 1. Profile (Side View)
- 7. There are two ways maps try to show 3D: 2. Contour Map (Top View)
- 9. A Contour Map Takes a 3D representation and turns it into a 2D map.
- 10. Contour lines are a map’s way of showing you how high the land is. They join together places of the same height and form patterns that help us to imagine what the land actually looks like.
- 11. Contour lines are drawn in intervals that never change and never cross each other.
- 12. Contour maps are used in atlases, because they can provide more detailed information about a location. For example, in the two boxes below we can predict the shape of the land based on the contour line.
- 16. We can also learn about the steepness of the slope(in math class this would be called the gradient). In the box below we can see that the distance between the lines indicates the slope. steep cliff – lines gentle/ are touching not steep
- 17. The closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the land. Contour lines that are wide apart show us that the land is flatter.
- 18. Stop here to do Contour Pages 1 & 2.
- 19. Contour lines are created by first finding spot heights (heights at particular places) for a whole region and then connecting the locations that have identical spot heights.
- 20. Below, you can see two examples of “connecting the dots” in order to create contour lines.
- 21. Note that the contour lines have different contour intervals. Maps usually specify the contour interval. Usually the contour interval is a round number. Ex. 10 metres or 100 metres Try connecting the dots in the example below.
- 22. Note that the contour lines have different contour intervals. Maps usually specify the contour interval. Usually the contour interval is a round number. Ex. 10 metres or 100 metres Try connecting the dots in the example below.