This document discusses key geographical skills and investigation techniques including:
- Reading topographical maps such as grid references, directions, and scales
- Measuring distances on maps using straight or curved routes
- Interpreting landforms and relief using contour lines and describing features like mountains, valleys, and plateaus
- Calculating gradients to determine the steepness of slopes
- Interpreting map symbols to understand physical and human features
- Analyzing settlement patterns and different types of maps
- Constructing and interpreting graphs like line graphs, bar graphs, histograms and scatterplots to visualize geographical data
- Following the phases of fieldwork which include forming hypotheses or questions, collecting data, analyzing results and drawing conclusions
In this video Data Graphics has been discussed. How the data can be presented with the help of different line graph, poly graph, bar diagram, histogram and Scatter plot and semi logarithmic plot/graph.
Portion completed:
1.DATA GRAPHICS
2. REPRESENTATION OF DATA
3. line graph,
4. poly graph,
5. bar diagram,
6. histogram
7. Pie diagram
8. Wind rose and star diagram
9. Flow Charts
10. Simple Bar Diagram
11. Line and Bar Graph
12. Multiple Bar Diagram
13. Compound Bar Diagram
14. Pie Diagram
15. Scatter plot
16. Semi-log plot
In this video Data Graphics has been discussed. How the data can be presented with the help of different line graph, poly graph, bar diagram, histogram and Scatter plot and semi logarithmic plot/graph.
Portion completed:
1.DATA GRAPHICS
2. REPRESENTATION OF DATA
3. line graph,
4. poly graph,
5. bar diagram,
6. histogram
7. Pie diagram
8. Wind rose and star diagram
9. Flow Charts
10. Simple Bar Diagram
11. Line and Bar Graph
12. Multiple Bar Diagram
13. Compound Bar Diagram
14. Pie Diagram
15. Scatter plot
16. Semi-log plot
Curious about the different types of chart? This presentation demonstrates the variety of charts and their purpose. All these charts have been created using Chartblocks online chart building tool.
done by : ( ABCD'S &G )
alaa ba-jafar
abrar alshahranii
sahab filfilan
nada alharbi
shahd rajab
Ghadeer suwaimil
I hope that you enjoy and you benefit❤
Curious about the different types of chart? This presentation demonstrates the variety of charts and their purpose. All these charts have been created using Chartblocks online chart building tool.
done by : ( ABCD'S &G )
alaa ba-jafar
abrar alshahranii
sahab filfilan
nada alharbi
shahd rajab
Ghadeer suwaimil
I hope that you enjoy and you benefit❤
1 How does a topographic map show the shape of the land sur.pdfcbholla1
1. How does a topographic map show the shape of the land surface? For example, how do
topographic maps indicate steeper slopes? How are gentler slopes portrayed? How can you
identify
stream or river valleys on maps?
2. What are contour lines? What is an index contour?
3. Define contour interval.
4. What does a fractional scale of 1:48,000 mean?
5. What is a bar scale and how is it used?
6. The basic unit of latitude and longitude is the degree. How is the degree subdivided?
7. Latitude is measured in degrees N or S of what line? What is the range of possible values (in
degrees) for latitude?
8. Longitude is measured in degrees W or E of what line? Where is that line located? What is the
range
of possible values (in degrees) for longitude?
Introduction Topograpbic maps illustrate scale, width, length, and height of landforms. Geologic
maps show the distribution of different rock units and geologic features, such as faults, at the
surface of the Earth. In this lab you will become familiar with both types of maps which are
important tools for anyone studying the earth or its resources. Learning Outcomes - Explain how
contours are used to show elevation information and landforms on a map. (questions 13) -
Understand and explain different types of map scale, such as fractional scale and bar scale.
(questions 4-5) - Explain how latitude and longitude are used to describe location. (questions 6-8)
- Draw and use contours to visualize spatial data (such as spot elevations). (question 9) - Find the
latitude and longitude of a location on a map. (questions 10, 17, 18) - Read elevation data and
interpret contours on a topographic map.(questions 11, 12, 19) - Calculate elevation change and
gradient (slope) from topographic maps.(questions 13, 21) - Read distances on a map using a
ruler and bar scale.(questions 14-16; 20) - Interpret ages of rock units on a geologic map
(questions 22-23) - Identify geologic structures on a geologic map (questions 24-27) - Draw a
geologic cross section using locations of contacts and angles of dip on a geologic map (questions
28-30) - Identify types of folds or faults on a geologic cross section (questions 28-30) Map
Coordinate Systems A coordinate system allows us to describe the location of any point on the
surface of the Earth. Lines of latitude (also known as parallels) are the horizontal lines that circle
the globe. These lines are known as parallels because the run in the same direction as (are
parallel to) the Equator. The Equator is the imaginary line located at 0 latitude and is halfway
between the North Pole and the South Pole, which are 180 apart. This means the South Pole is 90
S and the North Pole is 90N. Lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole are lines of
longitude (also known as meridians). The line at 0 longitude is the prime meridian and runs
through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. Meridians are counted east and west from
the prime meridian up to a maximum of 180 longitude at the.
Indexing of toposheets, in Introduction to Million sheet, degree sheet, toposheet, and their scales.
Some practice questions based on toposheet indexing and map scale has also been given for best practice.
Definition of Surveying
Objects of Surveying
Uses of Surveying
Primary Divisions of Surveying
Principles of Surveying
List of Classification of Surveying
Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale,
GIS Lecture 3- Map Projetion and Coordinate System.pptabdukkedir2007
the perfect land development plan for Project Site X, Y & Z, we will explore various methods of land assembly and public-private partnerships to secure the remaining 20 hectares of land for the project
Combined gis 2(GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM)musadoto
Distortions
• The earth is spherical, and a simple way of mapping it without distortion is to map it on a globe. However, mapping on globes is not possible.
• The transformation from the three-dimensional ellipsoid/sphere to the two-dimensional plane (flat) surface is not possible without some form of distortion.
• The distortions increase as the distance from the central point of the projection increases
• Areas smaller than 25 x 25 km:
No distortions
• Areas larger than 25 x 25 km:
Always distortions
• Map projections are used to control/minimize the distortions
Classification and properties of map projections
Properties of map projections
• Areas are everywhere correctly represented
• All distances are correctly represented
• All directions on the map are the same as on Earth
• All angles are correctly represented
• The shape of any area is correctly represented (e.g. a circle projected would remain a circle)
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
1. GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND INVESTIGATIONS
In this Chapter you will explore three key topics:
• Topographical map reading skills
• Geographical data and techniques
• Geographical investigations
2. Reading grid references
• Always read the eastings (x-
axis, vertical lines) then the
northings (y-axis, horizontal
lines)
• They can be:
- 4 digit grid references
(xxyy): identify an area OR
- 6 digit grid references
(xxx1yyy1): identify a point
x1 andy1 are derived by sub-
dividing the northings and
eastings into 10 segments
Area: 0736
Point: 088376
3. Reading directions: Compass directions
• They are used to
describe the location
of one geographic
feature from
another.
• When identifying
direction, take note
of the word ‘from’
which signifies the
point you are taking
direction from.
N
E
S
W
NE
SESW
NW
NNE
ENE
ESE
SSESSW
WSW
WNW
NNW
4. Follow these steps when measuring compass bearing:
1.Draw a straight line to join the two objects.
2.Draw the north arrow on the object you are measuring ‘from’.
3.Place the 0° of the protractor on the right side of the north arrow. Read
clockwise to obtain the grid bearing.
4.If the grid bearing is more than 180°, place the 0° of the protractor on the left
side of the north arrow. Add 180° to the bearing measured by the protractor.
Reading directions: Compass bearings
5. Interpreting scales
Type of scale Description
Representative
fraction
• Written as a fraction (1/2,500) or Ratio
(1:2,500)
• No unit of measurement (can be used
for any units of measurement)
Linear scale • A visual representation using a straight
line that is divided into equal parts.
• Used to represent actual distance on
the map (e.g 2 cm represents 1 km)
Statement scale • A scale expressed in words (e.g 1 cm
represents 1 km)
6. Measuring distances
Straight-line distance
1. Connect two points.
2. Use a strip of paper to mark
out the distance between the
points.
3. Place the strip of paper on
the line scale.
4. Alternatively, use a calculator
to convert the map distance
into actual distance (i.e 1cm:
1km therefore 2.5cm=2.5
km)
7. Curved distances
1. Divide the curved distance
into various straight line
segments.
2. Mark each location on the
strip of paper until the whole
length of the curved route is
marked.
3. Place the strip of paper
against the scale to convert
into the actual distance.
4. Alternatively, use string to
trace the curved distance,
and then convert into actual
distance using the scale.
Measuring distances
8. Describing the nature of relief
Compare the two marked areas X and Y. What
differences do you notice in these maps?
X
Y
10. Description of landform Name of
landform
• A highland more than 600 metres above sea level.
• Have steep slopes indicated by closely spaced contour lines.
Mountain
• Steep and near-vertical rock face.
• It is indicated by closely spaced contour lines.
Cliff
• A depression between two highlands.
• represented by v-shaped contour lines pointing towards higher
ground.
• may have a river running through it
(River) Valley
• A low-lying land found near a river.
• Generally flat and can be identified by the lack of contour lines or
widely spaced contours.
Floodplain
• A highland with steep slopes and a flat summit.
• Steep slopes are indicated by closely spaced contour lines
• A flat summit is shown by the absence of contour lines at the
summit.
Plateau
11. Calculating gradient
Gradient indicates the steepness of a slope. It
is measured by dividing the height of the land
with a given horizontal distance. Gradient is
expressed as a fraction or ratio. It is calculated
using the formula:
Difference in height between two points
Horizontal distance between two points
Follow these steps:
1)Difference in height between two points:
maximum height minus minimum height (using
the contour values)
2)Horizontal distance: measure the distance
between the two points and convert into
actual distance
3)Divide results from (1) with (2). NOTE: both
(1) and (2) must be in the same units i.e
metres
12. Interpreting map symbols
Symbols represent the actual
features on the map. They are
found in the key.
They can be used to represent
physical features and human
activities. Some of the
examples are seen on the left.
14. No. Types of
Map
Uses
1 Base maps Focus on basic information or highlight important information by providing an
outline of the area.
2 Atlas Provide details of natural and human features/occurrences of places.
3 Topographical
maps
Show physical and human features through the use of lines, symbols, colours
and abbreviations.
4 Road maps Road maps show the location of roads, buildings, railway tracks and airports,
and used as navigation tool.
5 Sketch maps Sketch maps are simplified illustrations of an area, drawn to show the basic
positions of an area’s main features.
6 Choropleth
maps
Show the geographical distribution and trends using colours or shadings to
group different data values
7 Isoline maps Isoline maps are maps with isolines, or continuous lines joining points of equal
value
8 Dot maps Dot maps show the distribution of data using dots. The dots have a fixed size or
value and are drawn on a base map.
9 Maps with
proportionate
symbols
Symbols drawn are proportional to the values of the data being mapped. For
example, bigger symbols are accorded to larger values.
15. Simple line graphs Advantages
-Shows trend over time
-Allow for easy
comparison of multiple
sets of data
-May be use to estimate
future patterns
Disadvantages
-Unsuitable if only few
values in data set
-Change may appear
greater if different
scales are used
Air temperature:
independent
variable
Water vapour:
dependent
variable
16. Comparative line graphs
Allows comparison of
two or more sets of
data
Compound line graphs
Allows one set of data
to be sub-divided into
two or more sets of
data
17. Bar graphs
Advantages
-Allow data to be compared
-Patterns can be easily observed
Disadvantages
-Trends are hard to predict
-Only use discrete data (cannot use
0.5)
18. Comparative bar graphs
Allows comparison of
two or more sets of
data
Compound bar graphs
Allows one set of data
to be sub-divided into
two or more sets of
data
19. Describe the trends in the graph
1) General Trend : Increasing / Decreasing / Stable /
Fluctuating
2) Highest reading:
Provide data from figure
3)Lowest reading:
Provide data from figure
4) Anomalie : Sudden
drop/dip/increase/Spike
20. Histogram
1. Histograms show distribution or
frequency of data. The x-axis
shows the range of values.
2. The values do not overlap. The y-
axis shows the frequency.
3. Different from bar graphs
because x-axis states size/classes
and not categories.
21. Pie charts
Advantages
- Easy to interpret
- Show percentage total for each category
Disadvantages
-Value of actual data unknown
-Unable to include too many categories
22. Scattergraphs
1. Plot data using ‘X’s.
2. Draw a straight line of best fit. This will broadly represent
the general pattern formed by the two points.
3. Take note of any anomalies.
25. Suggesting a hypothesis or guiding
question
Hypothesis Guiding Question
Expressed as a statement Expressed as a question
Consist of a prediction May consist of a problem
Explanation for something that needs to be
tested or proven
Highlights what needs to be known about a
topic
Can have more than two variables
“How long does a Secondary 4 student spend
in the washroom?”
Does not need to have an independent or
dependent variable
“The older the student, the longer the time
they spend in the washroom.”
Editor's Notes
Suggested activity:
- Illustrate to students how the 10 segments can be drawn.
Help students understand grid references by showing them these videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRb2gRiTQxY&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJVxgWttUdY
Note: Students often have difficulty in visualizing the 16 cardinal points. Use the animation in the slide to help them.
Suggested activity:
- As most students will have problems identifying the object they should be measuring the bearing from, the same approach shown in slide 9 can be used to help students determine the angle they have to measure. In this case, accuracy is not essential, the exercise is meant to provide students sufficient practice in determining the angle they have to measure.
Suggested activity:
- Show students a topographical map and ask them to identify the R.F, linear scale and write a statement scale.
Suggested activity
- Show students how cross-sections are drawn with this video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6uavZnHTuY
- Ask students to determine which landform has the lowest height. The height of the first landform from the left is the lowest. The other two is the same height of 250m.
This exercise allows students to understand that the contour lines indicate the height of the landform.
- Ask students what the difference in value between the contour lines is. 50 m. Tell students that the difference between the lines is called a contour interval. Maps generally have a constant contour interval although some maps may use different contour intervals. In this case, the contour interval is 50m.
- Emphasise that contour lines that are close together show steep relief while those that are far apart show gentle relief.
Suggested activity:
- Ask students to match the landforms found in this slide and the next to the descriptions found in slides 22-23.
- Ask students to make inferences based on their prior knowledge.
Suggested activity:
- Ask students to follow these steps and calculate the gradient of between R and S in the figure before referring to the answer in the Textbook.
Ask students to refer to the Textbook for details on the various types of map.
Tell students that geographical Investigation allows them to explore and understand certain issues about our environment. In order to fully understand the issue, they need to gather, analyse and present data in a systematic manner.
Suggested activity:
Ask students to brainstorm some hypotheses and guiding questions related to their everyday lives. Once the students are used to coming up with hypotheses/guiding questions, they can then craft hypotheses/guiding questions more related to geographical issues.
Ask students to write down the aims for the hypotheses/guiding questions they come up with.