Geography Skills - Thematic Maps & Climate
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Maps represent areas of the Earth's surface and provide information like place names, land features, and boundaries. Maps usually have North at the top and use symbols in legends to label features clearly. There are physical maps of natural areas and political maps of borders. Thematic maps focus on specific themes like climate, vegetation, or population. Modern maps use satellite data to be highly accurate.
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Map Projections
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical earth on a flat surface. It describes how all projections involve some distortion of properties like shapes, areas, distances or directions. The key types are conformal, equivalent, and equidistant projections. It explains the concepts of projection surfaces like cones, cylinders and planes, as well as variables like the light source and orientation. Specific common projections are also outlined, such as Mercator, Lambert conformal conic, and azimuthal equidistant, along with their characteristic distortions and uses.
Different Types of Maps
This document defines and describes several types of maps, including political maps that show boundaries between states and countries, physical maps that highlight natural features like mountains and rivers, relief maps that use shading to show elevation differences, elevation maps that use colors to indicate ranges of elevation, road maps that display routes and transportation information, and historical maps that illustrate how places appeared in the past or changed over time.
Types of maps
There are three main types of maps: physical maps, political maps, and thematic maps. Physical maps show natural features like landforms, bodies of water, and physical borders defined by natural features. Political maps show man-made boundaries like countries, cities, and states. Thematic maps emphasize a particular theme or topic through data visualization using techniques like shading, dots, or symbols. Common thematic maps include population, weather, natural resources, and road maps.
Map projections
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Maps, cartography and significances
Map is a drawn or printed representation of the physical features of the Earth.
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The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and map projections. It defines key concepts like geoid, spheroid, datum, latitude and longitude, projections, and the UTM coordinate system. The UTM system divides the globe into 60 zones, each 6 degrees wide, and uses a Transverse Mercator projection within each zone. UTM coordinates express a point's easting and northing distances in meters from the central meridian and equator/south pole.
Types of-Maps
This document discusses different types of maps including political, physical, landform, resource, population, transportation, distribution, and grid maps. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. Political maps show human impacts and boundaries and change frequently. Physical maps highlight natural features and do not include human elements. Landform maps specifically show elevations and terrain. Resource maps indicate natural resources and agriculture. Population maps illustrate changes in population distribution.
Unit 2 Elements of a map.pdf
The document discusses elements of maps, including:
1. Maps contain specific elements like a title, key, compass, and scale to help readers understand the information represented.
2. Contours are lines on maps that connect points of equal elevation and show the shape and steepness of landscapes.
3. Relief on maps can be shown through methods like layer tinting, contours, spot heights, and hachures that represent elevation changes through color shading and line spacing.
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This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical earth on a flat surface. It describes how all projections involve some distortion of properties like shapes, areas, distances or directions. The key types are conformal, equivalent, and equidistant projections. It explains the concepts of projection surfaces like cones, cylinders and planes, as well as variables like the light source and orientation. Specific common projections are also outlined, such as Mercator, Lambert conformal conic, and azimuthal equidistant, along with their characteristic distortions and uses.
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Types of maps
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The document discusses elements of maps, including:
1. Maps contain specific elements like a title, key, compass, and scale to help readers understand the information represented.
2. Contours are lines on maps that connect points of equal elevation and show the shape and steepness of landscapes.
3. Relief on maps can be shown through methods like layer tinting, contours, spot heights, and hachures that represent elevation changes through color shading and line spacing.
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Elements of a map
This document discusses the five basic elements of a map: title, directions, scale, legend or key, and grid system. It explains each element in detail, including how directions are shown using a compass rose and measured in degrees of latitude and longitude. The scale shows the ratio between distances on the map and in real life. The legend or key explains what symbols on the map represent. The grid system uses lines of latitude and longitude to locate places. Additional resources for learning about maps are also listed.
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This document discusses the key elements of maps, including latitude and longitude, hemispheres, directions, scale, and legends. It explains that latitude lines run east-west and longitude lines run north-south. The equator is the 0 degree latitude line and the prime meridian is the 0 degree longitude line. Maps use these lines to divide the world into four hemispheres and show cardinal and intermediate directions. Scale relates measurements on a map to actual distances. Time zones correspond to longitude, and legends provide keys to symbols on maps.
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The document summarizes various climate elements and factors that influence local weather and climate. It discusses temperature, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, topography, wind, latitude, altitude, proximity to oceans, and Earth's tilt. These elements and factors interact to determine the long-term state of the atmosphere and influence weather conditions in a particular region. Temperature, for example, controls other elements like precipitation and humidity levels. Latitude, altitude, and distance from oceans also impact climate by affecting temperature and atmospheric circulation patterns.
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2) Early Greek scholar Eratosthenes used simple observations and geometry to estimate the circumference of Earth to within 1% accuracy over 2000 years ago.
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This document discusses the five basic elements of a map: title, directions, scale, legend or key, and grid system. It explains each element in detail, including how directions are shown using a compass rose and measured in degrees of latitude and longitude. The scale shows the ratio between distances on the map and in real life. The legend or key explains what symbols on the map represent. The grid system uses lines of latitude and longitude to locate places. Additional resources for learning about maps are also listed.
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The document discusses map reading and interpretation. It covers relief representation using contour lines on maps, drainage patterns, and human-made features. Students will learn about contour lines, how they represent 3D relief on 2D maps, and how to draw contour lines and cross sections. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation and come in three types: index lines with elevation numbers every fifth line, intermediate lines between the index lines, and supplementary dashed lines for half-interval changes in elevation.
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Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration.
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This document discusses reflexive verbs in French. It explains that reflexive verbs show that the subject is performing the action on itself. It provides examples of common reflexive verbs like se baigner, which means "to bathe." It then discusses how to conjugate reflexive verbs, including changing the reflexive pronoun to agree with the subject and conjugating the infinitive verb form. It also covers placing the reflexive pronoun and exceptions, negative forms of reflexive verbs, and notes that many reflexive verbs can also be used non-reflexively with a change in meaning.
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This document discusses determining common multiples and common factors of numbers. It explains that the common multiples of two numbers are the multiples that are shared between the two lists of all their individual multiples. The least common multiple is the smallest number that is a multiple of both numbers. It also explains that common factors are factors that two numbers have in common, and these can be determined by making lists of all the factors of each number and looking for the ones they share. A Venn diagram can also be used to visualize common factors between two numbers.
Divisibility Rules
Divisibility refers to whether a number can be divided by another number without a remainder. A number is divisible by another number if when you divide them, the result is a whole number. The document then provides rules for determining if a number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 4. It explains that you cannot divide by 0 because there is no number that when multiplied by 0 equals the original number.
Direction and Bearings
There are eight cardinal directions that can be expanded to include intermediate directions like southeast and northwest. Occasionally sixteen directions are used, or bearings measured in degrees from 0 to 360 can specify an exact direction. Magnetic compasses and protractors are tools used to determine directions and calculate bearings, although GPS is more commonly used today.
Geography Skills: Contours
Maps represent 3D landscapes in 2D, which can make it difficult to depict elevation changes. There are two main ways maps show 3D terrain: profile views and contour maps. Contour maps take a 3D landscape and represent it with 2D contour lines that connect points of equal elevation. The closer the lines are together, the steeper the slope; lines farther apart indicate flatter land. Contour maps provide detailed elevation information and allow inferences about landscape shapes and slopes.
Economic Revolutions - Agricultural Revolution
1. The document describes changes in job sectors and economies as nations progress from agricultural to industrial to service-based.
2. It then focuses on the agricultural revolution, which involved adopting bigger farms through enclosures and land reclamation, better equipment like mechanized plows and reapers, and improved techniques like crop rotation and selective breeding.
3. These changes dramatically increased food production and lowered costs, fueling population growth and freeing many farmers to seek work in cities as agriculture became more industrialized.
The French Revolution - part 2
The royal family tried to escape France but was caught. This led to the creation of a new constitution and Legislative Assembly with power shared between the king and assembly. Internal divisions grew between moderate and radical groups as the war went badly. Radicals took control in Paris, declared a republic and executed the king and queen. The Reign of Terror followed under Robespierre until his own fall from power. The government transitioned to the Directory and then the Consulate before Napoleon declared himself Emperor.
The French Revolution - part 1
The document summarizes the social and political structure of France prior to the French Revolution, known as the Old Regime. Under this system, French society was rigidly divided into three estates - clergy, nobility, and commoners. The nobility and clergy comprised only a small portion of the population but held most of the wealth and political power. Growing economic problems and resentment of the privileges of the higher estates led to calls for reform and eventually sparked the French Revolution.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in France during the French Revolution. He established himself as the Emperor of France and expanded French territory across Europe through military conquest. At the height of his power, Napoleon controlled a vast empire stretching from France to Russia. However, his invasion of Russia in 1812 proved disastrous and marked the beginning of his decline in power. After being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, where he died in 1821. His reign significantly influenced the development of nationalism and the modernization of legal codes across Europe.
Geography Skills: Scale
The document discusses map scales. It defines three types of scales: stated scale, linear scale, and ratio scale. It explains how to convert between ratio scales and stated scales using the metric system and decimal places. It provides examples of calculating distances on maps using cross-multiplication and five steps: find the ratio scale, convert to stated scale, measure map distance, use cross-multiplication, and write a conclusion statement. Finally, it describes the difference between large scale and small scale maps in terms of the level of detail shown and area covered.
DSABC Briefing for Judges
This document provides guidance for judges at a debate tournament. It explains that judges are to watch debates, score individual speakers, record the winning team, and provide feedback. It outlines the formats and styles of debates, including cross-examination and CNDF styles. It describes what judges should evaluate in their scoring, such as organization, evidence, rebuttal, delivery, and questioning. Judges are advised to remain impartial and consistent in their scoring.
First Contact
Describes the first contact between Europeans and the Native Americans. Includes Jared Diamond's theory of Guns, Germs, and Steel.
New France Powerpoint
1) Jacques Cartier explored the Maritimes and St. Lawrence River in the 1530s and 1540s, claiming land for France and founding settlements that ultimately failed.
2) Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City in 1608, establishing the first permanent French colony in New France.
3) New France grew slowly due to its system of seigneurial land grants and the Company of One Hundred Associates' focus on the fur trade over settlement.
4) France lost New France after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, ceding the territory to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Geography Skills - Thematic Maps & Climate
- 2. A map is an image that represents an area of the earth’s surface, usually from above.
- 3. A map can provide different information such as place names, land features, elevation, and political boundaries.
- 4. North is usually at the top of the map, check the compass rose to see if it has been repositioned in a different direction.
- 5. Physical maps indicate natural features such as mountains, deserts, rivers and lakes.
- 6. Political maps focus on the division of the earth’s surface into different countries, states or provinces.
- 7. Most maps in this atlas will show physical features as well as country borders, cities, and towns.
- 8. Today, scientists can make more accurate maps of the world than ever before. They can use information from satellites that orbit the earth.
- 9. A thematic map is one that focuses on a particular main idea (or theme). These might include: Climate Vegetation Economy Population Language
- 11. Map legends are very important for all types of maps, but perhaps especially so for thematic maps. Legends can include: Symbols Elevation Scale Colour Keys
- 12. Maps often use symbols instead of words to label real-life features and make maps clearer.
- 13. Symbols can be small pictures, letters, lines or coloured areas.
- 14. Each symbol is placed in a key or legend next to the map. The key explains what each symbol means.
- 15. Climate Maps are a type of Thematic Map. They present information about climate such as: Temperature Precipitation Sunshine Hours Growing Season Climate Regions Environmental Concerns
- 16. Climate is the overall weather pattern of a region. The two major aspects of climate are temperature and precipitation.
- 17. A Climate Graph shows: A title Precipitation bars in blue A temperature line in red Months of the year Usually the Total Annual Precipitation Sometimes the growing season at 6°C Interactive Climate Graphs
- 18. Revolution of the earth Rotation of the earth – causes seasons – causes day and night
- 19. latitude – proximity to altitude (elevation) – the equator or to the temperature decreases poles ex. high latitude 1 C for every increase = lower temperatures of 165 metres
- 20. wind – wind can lower or raise temperature depending on where the wind comes from large bodies of water – water’s temperature changes more slowly than land’s temperature; therefore the temperature near large bodies of water will be more moderate
- 21. ocean currents – make the water cold or warm and thus affect the land
- 22. pollution (man-made or natural) gases in the atmosphere trap heat forest fires and volcanoes can also affect temperature
- 23. winds – will bring precipitation to an area large water bodies – will usually increase precipitation in that area
- 24. air pressure – differences in air pressure cause precipitation to fall
- 25. temperature – interaction between warm and cold air causes precipitation
- 26. physiography – the presence of physical features such as mountains or deserts
- 27. Orographic – caused by mountains, as in Greater Vancouver
- 28. Convectional – thunderstorms, caused by the rising of hot air
- 29. Cyclonic – the most common type, caused by differences in air pressure