principle of ct scanner
generations
scanning motion
EMI unit
xray beam
x ray tube
advantages
disadvantages
in this you PPT got clear idea about generation of ct
if you have any doubt text me
insta ID - ___sadham_____
Quality Assurance Programme in Computed TomographyRamzee Small
Introduction to Computed Tomography
Basic description of the components of a CT System
Introduction to Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Tests in Computed Tomography base on frequency
Objective of QA/QC Test
Quality Assurance Programme in Computed TomographyRamzee Small
Introduction to Computed Tomography
Basic description of the components of a CT System
Introduction to Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Tests in Computed Tomography base on frequency
Objective of QA/QC Test
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
This slide best explains the introduction of CT, basis and types of CT image reconstructions with detailed explanation about Interpolation, convolution, Fourier slice theorem, Fourier transformation and brief explanation about the image domain i.e digital image processing.
generations of CT, explains each generations of CT, muti detector computer tomography, slip ring technology, main terminologies such as FOV , pitch, voxel and matrix, pixel size equation. EBCT, Basic configuration of CT, Data acquisition systems DAS, multi-slice CT
MDCT Principles and Applications- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Multidetector CT (MDCT) is one of the most commonly used imaging modality in the field of Radiology. Development and advancement in MDCT has made it's application as a major component in diagnosis and treatment planning of multitude of disease across the planet. This presentation briefly describes its basic principle and it's wide variety of application in medical imaging.
This slide best explains the introduction of CT, basis and types of CT image reconstructions with detailed explanation about Interpolation, convolution, Fourier slice theorem, Fourier transformation and brief explanation about the image domain i.e digital image processing.
generations of CT, explains each generations of CT, muti detector computer tomography, slip ring technology, main terminologies such as FOV , pitch, voxel and matrix, pixel size equation. EBCT, Basic configuration of CT, Data acquisition systems DAS, multi-slice CT
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
Anatomy and image interpretation of facial bonesadhamhussain52
anatomy of facial bone
x ray film interpretation of facial bone
special views of facial
this ppt for all medical and radiology students
if you find any mistake kindly inform me
insta id - ____sadham_____
Production of x rays
Components of X-ray
Cathode
kVp , mA , mAs .
Line focus principle
Heel effect
anode
Stationary anode x ray tube
Rotating anode x-ray tube
Grid controlled x-ray tube
Saturation voltage
Metal ceramic x – ray tube
Processes of x- ray generation
intensity of the x-ray beams
Effect of kVp on x- ray beam
Effect of tube current on x- ray beam
learn with Me...........MK
if you notice any mistake comment please ......
bones of lower limb and anatomy of lower limbsadhamhussain52
comment your suggestions ,
specially prepared for AHS students ,
its very easy to understand ,
keep learning ,
all the best ,
see you later .
contact : 7094228366.
comment your suggestions ,
specially prepared for AHS students ,
its very easy to understand ,
keep learning ,
all the best ,
see you later .
contact: 7094228366
anatomy of joints of upper limb
comment your suggestions ,
specially prepared for AHS students ,
its very easy to understand ,
keep learning ,
all the best ,
see you later .
bones of Upper limbs and anatomy of upper limbssadhamhussain52
all about upper limb
comment your suggestions ,
specially prepared for AHS students ,
its very easy to understand ,
keep learning ,
all the best ,
see you later .
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. INTRODUCTION
• Generation of CT is classified based upon
arrangement of components and
mechanical motion required to collect
data.
• Scan time reduction is the predominant
reason for introducing new configuration
• They are 7 generation in CT scanner
3. The basic principle behind CT is
that the internal structure of
an object can be reconstructed
from multiple projections of
the object
4. 1st generation
Original EMI unit was a first generation scanner.
It designed only for evaluation of brain .
• Scanning motion : translate - rotate geometry
• Detectors : single or paired
• X ray beam : narrow pencil beam
• x- ray tube : an air cooled stationary anode x- ray tube
• X- ray beam : narrow pencil beam
• Scan time : 25mins(appx.)
• Scan mode : step and shoot scanning
• Power supply : straighten twisted system cables
6. The tube and detector were then rotated slightly and the
process was repeated until a 180 degree arc was covered
Advantage - it employed pencil beam geometry which
allowed very efficient scatter reduction
Disadvantage
• Scan time were very long
• misregistration artifact
7.
8. 2nd generation
• Scanning motion : translate – rotate geometry
• Detectors : linear detector array (30)
• X ray beam : narrow fan beam
• X ray tube : conventional x -ray tube
• Scan mode : step and shoot scanning
• Power supply : straighten twisted system cables
• Scan time : 5-10 mins (appx.)
Advantage : reduced scan time , reduced patient dose
Disadvantage : more scatter radiation
9.
10. 3rd generation
Scanning motion : rotate – rotate geometry
Detectors : arc of detectors (400 to 900) (xenon gas or solid state detector)
X ray tube : metal ceramic X – Ray tube
X ray beam : wider fan beam
Power supply : high frequency generator with Slip Ring technology
Scan time : < 5 to 6 sec (appx.)
• Slip rings permit the gantry frame to rotate continuously
• Both x ray tube and detectors arc a rotate around the patient in
360 ° and scan .
Advantage : reduce scan time , reduce patient dose .
Disadvantage : ring artifacts .
11.
12. 4th generation
• scanning motion : rotate fixed geometry
• Detectors : ring of detectors (>2000)
• X ray beam : wider fan beam
• X ray tube : metal ceramic x ray tube
X ray tube rotates in a circle inside the detector ring .
• Scan time : <2-3 sec
Advantage : 1. reduce scan time
2. elimination of ring artifacts
Disadvantage : 1.high cost because of more no of detectors
2. more scatter radiation
13.
14. 5th generation
Electron beam computed tomography
• It commonly referred to cvct / cine ct scanner
• No mechanical scanning motion
• X ray tube and detector are stationary
Detectors : 4800 detectors
Beam : larger fan beam
Scan time : 50ms
Basic component
• Electron gun
• Focusing /deflecting coils
• Tungsten target rings
• A ring of detectors arranged in an arc of 210°
Advantage : 1. it improve the temporal resolution
2. its special for cardiac imaging
Disadvantage :1. low spatial resolution
2. expensive
16. 6th generation
Helical / spiral CT scanner
o Helical or spiral scanner it acquired data while the table is moving
o As a result , the x ray source moves in a helical pattern around the
patient being scanned
o Helical CT scanner use either 3rd or 4th generation slip ring designs
Advantage
• Fewer motion artifact
• Improved lesion detection
• Multi planar imaging
• Reduced scan time
• Faster image acquisition
• Improved 3d , coronal , sagittal , physiological imaging .
17.
18. 7th generation
• It has multiple detector array
• The collimator spacing is wider and more x ray are used to producing
image data
• There is formation of cone beam and multiple parallel rows of
detectors
• Widened x ray beam and detector array to acquire multiple slices
• This gives advantage of reducing scan time with increased Z-
resolution but it is very expensive
19.
20. References
• COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY for TECHNOLOGISTS
• Christensen’s physics of diagnostic radiology
• The physics of radiology and imaging thalyan. K
• Slide share . Net
